AP Bio Chapter 48
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord which carry out integration
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| effector cells | the muscle cells or gland cells that actually carry out the body's responses of the body
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| nerves | ropelike bundles of extensions of neurons tightly wrapped in connective tissue, conduct signals
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| peripheral nervous system (pns) | the nerves that communicate motor and sensory signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
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| neuron | the functional unit of the nervous system and is specialized for transmitting signals from one location in the body to another
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| cell body | part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and a variety of other cellular organelles
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| dendrites | convey signals from their tips to the rest of the neuron
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| axon | conduct messages toward their tips
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| myelin sheath | formed by supporting cells, an insulating layer which encloses axons
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| schwann cells | in PNS, the supporting cells that create the myelin sheath
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| oligodendrocytes | in CNS, supporting cells that produce the myelin sheath
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| synaptic terminals | relay signals to other cells by releasing chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
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| synapse | the site of contact between a synaptic terminal and target cell
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| sensory neurons | communicate information about the external and internal environments from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
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| Interneurons | integrate sensory input and motor output and make synaptic connections with other neurons
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| motor neurons | convey impulses from the CNS to effector cells
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| reflex | automatic response such as a knee jerk
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| ganglion | cluster of nerve cell bodies
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| nuclei | similar functional clusters in the brain
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| supporting cells or gila | essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system for the normal functioning of the neurons
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| blood brain barrier | restricts the passage of most substances into the brain allowing the extracellular chemical environment of the CNS to be tightly controlled
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| membrane potential | the voltage measured across the plasma membrane, ranging from -50v to -100mv in an animal cell
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| excitable cells | cells that have the ability to generate changes in their membrane potentials
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| resting potential | the membrane potential of an excitable cell in a resting state
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| gated ion channels | allow the cell to change its membrane potential in response to stimuli the cells receive
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| hyperpolarization | an increase in the electrical gradient across the membrane
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| depolarization | a reduction in the electrical gradient across the membrane
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| graded potential | voltage changes produced by stimulation, the magnitude of change depends on the strength of the stimulus
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| threshold potential | the response of an excitable cell to a depolarizing stimulus that is graded with stimulus intensity only up to a particular level of depolarization
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| action potential | when depolarization reaches the threshold
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| voltage gated ion channels | when the action potential arises because the plasma membranes have these
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| refractory period | the period when the neuron is insensitive to depolarization
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| saltatory conduction | faster impulse transmission in some neurons
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| presynaptic cell | the transmitting cell
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| postsynaptic cell | the receiving cell
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| synaptic cleft | in chemical synapse, the narrow gap that separates the presyntapic cell from the post.
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| synaptic vesicles | in the cytoplasm at the tip of the presynatptic axon
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| neurotransmitter | the substance that is released as an intercellular messenger into the synaptic cleft
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| presynaptic membrane | the surface of the synaptic terminal that faces the cleft
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| postsynaptic membrane | the plasma membrane of the cell body or dendrite on the other side of the synapse
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| excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) | electrical change caused by the binding of neurotransmitter to the receptor
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| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) | the voltage change associated with chemical signaling at an inhibitory synapse
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| summation | the additive effect of postsynaptic potential
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| acetylcholine | excitatory to vertebrate skeletal muscles, excitatory or inhibitory at other sites
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| norepinephrine | excitatory or inhibitory
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| dopamine | generally excitatory but can be inhibitory
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| serotonin | generally inhibitory
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| GABA | inhibitory
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| glycine | inhibitory
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| glutamate | excitatory
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| aspartate | excitatory
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| substance p | excitatory
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| met-enkephalin | generally inhibitory
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| nerve net | a system of nerves that branch throughout the body
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| cephalization | a concentration of feeding organs, sensors and neutral structures at the anterior (head) end the part of the body most likely to come into contact with stimuli
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| nerve cord | a thick bundle of nerves usually extending throughout the body from the brain
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| white matter | bundles of axons, color from myelin sheath
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| gray matter | nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
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| central canal | narrow, part of the spinal cord, continuous fluid filled spaces
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| ventricles | fluid filled spaces in the brain
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| cerebrospinal fluid | what the cavities are filled with
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| meninges | layers of connective tissue
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| cranial nerves | originate in the brain and innervate organs of the head and upper body
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| spinal nerves | originate in the spinal cord and innervate the entire body
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| sensory division | convey info to the CNS from sensory receptors that monitor the external and internal environment
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| motor division | convey signal from the CNS to the effector cells
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| somatic nervous system | carries signals to skeletal muscles mainly in response to external stimuli
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| automatic nervous system | conveys signals that regulate the internal environment
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| parasympatic division | enhance activites that gain and conserve energy
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| sympatric division | increase energy consumption and prepare individual for action by accelerating the heart rate
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| forebrain | telensephalon-cerebrum, diencephalon-thalmus, hypothalmus, epithalmus
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| midbrain | mesencephalon-part of brain stem
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| hindbrain | metencephalon-pons and cerebrum, mylencephalon- medulla
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| cerebral hemispheres | parts of the brain
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| basal | motor skills
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| cerebral cortex | most complex and changed the most
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| corpus callosum | connects right and left of cerebral cortex
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| EEG | brain pattern records
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| reticular formation | passes through the core of the brain stem
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| limbic system | a functional group of nuclei and interconnecting axon tracts in the CNS
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| amygdala | prominent component in the limbic system that is the center of convergence for sensory data and a major organizer of emotional information
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| short term memory | reflects an immediate sensory perception of an object or idea before the image is stored
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| long term memory | stored information that can be called upon for weeks after
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| hippocampus | key in brain research
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| long term depression | decreased responsiveness to an action potential by a postsynaptic cell
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| long term potentiation | an enhanced responsiveness to an action potential by a postsynaptic cell
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| consciousness | subjective awareness
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