Study Guide
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Oma | tumor
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| chondro/o | cartilage
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| cide | destroying, killing
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| cidal | destroying, killing
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| oligo | deficiency
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| centesis | surgical puncture
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| ectasis | dilation, expansion
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| penia | deficiency
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| lysis | destruction of
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| plegia | paralysis
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| trophy | nourishment or growth
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| oid | resembeling
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| stenosis | narrowing, constricture
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| opia | vision
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| phage | eating, swallowing
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| ole | small
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| ule | small
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| pepsia | digestion
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| ia | condition
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| ism | condition
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| edema | swelling
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| rrhexis | rupture
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| en | within, inner
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| endo | within, inner
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| intra | within, inner
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| plasia | formation, growth
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| plasm | formation, growth
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| tripsy | crushing
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| emesis | vomiting
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| lith | stone
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| osis | ad-normal condition
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| tibi/o | tibia
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| hemi | half
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| tox | poisonouse
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| ad | towards
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| ab | away from
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| multi | many
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| mal | bad, inadequate
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| ec | out, outside
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| ecto | out, outside
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| my/o | muscle
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| hypo | below, beneath
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| sub | below, beneath
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| infra | below, beneath
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| ex | away from, external
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| extra | away from, external
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| ia | pertaining to
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| ic | pertaining to
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| vertebr/o | vertebrea
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| poly | much
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| tendin/o | tendon
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| crani/o | cranium
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| pelv/i | pelvis
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| metacarp/o | metacarpus
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| ten/o | tendon
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| hyper | excessive, above
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| supra | excessive, above
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| ar | pertaining to
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| ary | pertaining to
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| ical | pertaining to
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| ory | pertaining to
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| cervic/o | neck
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| femor/o | femur
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| fibul/o | fibual
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| humer/o | humerus
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| dorsal | back, posterior
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| lamin/o | lamina
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| oste/o | bone
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| patell/o | patella
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| lumb/o | lower back
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| phalang/o | phalanges
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| abduction | movement away from the body
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| epi | above, upon
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| uria | urine
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| emia | a condition of the blood
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| iso | same, equal
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| cyte | cell
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| ectomy | excision, surgical removal
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| neo | new
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| post | after, following
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| ultra | beyond
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| circum | around
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| dys | painful, difficult
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| pre | before
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| macro | large
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| micro | small
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| quadri | four
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| tachy | rapid
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| tri | three
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| uni | one
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| superior | above or nearer to the head
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| algia | pain
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| superficial | near the surface of the body
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| adduction | movement towards the body
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| distal | further from the origin or point of attachment
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| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow
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| cost/o | ribs
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| deep | further into the body
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| inferior | beneath or nearer to the feet
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| posterior | towards or near the back, dorsal
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| ventral | front, anterior
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| tic | pertaining to
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| inter | between
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| scope | instrument used to view
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| scopy | visual examination
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| metry | measurement
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| meter | instrument for measuring
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| graph | recording instrument
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| graphy | process of recording
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| gram | record
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| anterior | towards or near the front, ventral
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| proximal | nearer to the origin or point of attachment
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| dynia | pain
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| genesis | creating, producing
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| rrhea | flow, discharge
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| therapy | treatment
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| derma | skin
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| parasis | sight or partial paralysis
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| logy | study of
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| media | towards the mid line nearer to the middle
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| eu | good, normal
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| lateral | away from the mid line towards the side
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| kinesis | movement
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| kinesia | movement
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| tomy | cutting into, incision
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| tome | cutting instrument
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| rrhapy | suture, suturing
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| clast | breaking
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| clasis | breaking
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| gen | creating, producing
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| logist | specialist in the study of
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| oxia | oxagen
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| pnea | breathing
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| plasty | surgical repair
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| gravida | pregnant women
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| megaly | enargement
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| dipsia | thirst
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| ist | specialist
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| phobia | fear
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| phoria | feeling
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| malacia | softening
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| ptosis | drooping, prolapse
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| anti | against
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| auto | self
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| bi | two
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| brady | slow
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| pause | cessation, stopping
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| stern/o | sternum
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| tend/o | tendon
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| orth/o | straight
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| thorac/c | thorax
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| eal | pertaining to
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| ous | pertaining to
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| tous | pertaining to
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| al | pertaining to
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| ac | pertaining to
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| a | without, absence of
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| an | without, absence of
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| in | without, absence of
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| para | beside, near
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| dia | through, across
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| trans | through, across
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| pathy | disease
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| esthesia | sensation
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| re | behind, back
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| retro | behind, back
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| rrhage | bursting forth
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| rrhagia | bursting forth
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| stasis | cessation, stopping
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| pexy | surgical fixation
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| itis | inflammation
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| phagia | speech
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| cele | hernia
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| iasis | pathological condition or state
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| peri | beside, near
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| microorganism | an organism that can be seen without a microscope
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| pathogen | a microorganism that causes illness in humans
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| non pathogen | microorganisms that don't cause illness
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| contaminated | soiled with infectious material
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| saturated | truly soaked with blood or bodily fluids
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| flaked | a chip
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| biohazard | the risk to human health or the enviroment
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| disinfection | the process of killing most pathogenic organisms from surfaces you may use Clorox or Lysol spray
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| antiseptic | process of killing most pathogenic organisms from human tissue you may use iodine or alcohol
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| sterilization | process of destroying all forms of pathogenic organisms by the use of steam, heat, gas via an autoclave
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| Sanitation | hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with hazardous waste
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| aseptic technique | process used my medical staff to prevent the spread of infections the goal is to reach asepsis
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| asepsis | an environment free of pathogens
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| sterile technique | practice of keeping objects in areas free of microorganisms during a procedure to create a sterile field
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| OSHA (Occupational Safety and Heath Administration) | Government agency that sets guidelines for employers. Responsible for preventing or minimizing work-related injuries.
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| ASCP (American Society of Clinical Pathologist) | Agency responsible for providing phlebotomy certification
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| CLIA (Clinical & Laboratory Improvement Amendment ) | Legislation responsible for regulating all labs and phlebotomist
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| CDC (Center for Disease Control) | Federal agency responsible for monitoring and reporting disease.
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| NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Lab Standards) | Non-profit organization that sets recommendations, guidelines, and standards for all areas of the lab.
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| CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute) | develop guidelines for safety programs regarding labs
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| General Physical Exam | an exam to confirm a patient's health or diagnose a medical problem
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| accessibility | the ease with which people can move in and out of a space
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| nasal speculum | instrument used to enlarge the opening of the nose to permit viewing
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| spores | thick waled reproductive body capable of resisting harsh conditions
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| otoscope | instrument used to inspect the ear
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| occult blood | blood that is not visible to the naked eye
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| lubricant | water soluble gel used during a physical exam of the rectum or vagina
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| consumable | description of items that are used up or empty during exam
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| fixative | chemical spray used to preserve a specimen obtained from the body for pathological exam
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| ultrasonic cleaning | sending sound waves through a cleaning solution to clean delicate instruments
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| Ophthalmoscope | instrument used to examine the interior of the eye
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| endotracheal tube | instrument used to establish an artificial air way
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| Chemoreceptors | receptors such as those found on the nose and on the tongue
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| papillae | bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds
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| perilymph/endoymph | fluids of the labyrinth
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| auricle | the part of the external ear also known as pinna
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| acoustic neuroma | benignant tumor of the cranial nerve
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| semicircular canals | functions to detect the body's balance
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| rods | visual receptors responsible for night vision, detect motion
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| cones | visual receptors responsible for color vision, red blue and green cones within the eyes detect fine detail and color
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| aqueous humor | the watery fluid of the anterior (front) chamber of the eye
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| vitreous humor | the jelly like fluid of the posterior (back) chamber of the eye
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| cerumen | a wax-like substance commonly called ear wax
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| cochea | the snail shaped structure in the ear that contains hearing receptors
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| conjunctiva | mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids
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| otitis interna | an inner ear infection
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| otitis externa | condition commonly known as swimmers ears
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| lysozyme | an enzyme in tear that can destroy bacteria and viruses
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| choroid | the middle layer of the eye
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| ossicles | malleus, incus, stapes (smallest bones on the human body)
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| eustachian tube | maintains equal pressure on both sides of the ear drum
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| labyrinth | the system of communication chambers and tube of the inner ear
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| hypodermis | also known as the subcutaneous layer
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| melanocytes | epidermal cells that produce pigment
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| alopecia | term for hair loss baldness
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| arrector pili | the muscle that allows hair to stand erect
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| keratinocytes | cells that produce and accumulate protein in the epidermis
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| eccrine | glands that produce and secrete sweat
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| verruca | a wart
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| dermatome | the skin area innervated by a nerve
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| apocrine | sweat glad commonly activated by stress or nerves
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| tinea | is fungal infection
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| sphygmomanometer | an instrument used to measure blood pressure
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| gustatory cortex | the area of the brain responsible for interpreting taste
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| refraction | the process of bending or focusing light
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| melenin | a pigment that traps UV radiation
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| vesicle | means blister
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| eczema | a chronic skin disorder that is thought to be connected to a underlying inflammatory condition
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| acne vugaris | is a inflammatory skin disorder caused by excess sebum producion
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| cornea | controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye
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| pupil | contracts and dilates to control the amount of light into the eye
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| iris | color part of the eye that controls the movement of the pupil
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| lens | allows the eye to focus
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| retina | receives light and converts it into a message for the brain to form a visual image
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| sclera | what part of the eye muscles assist with movement of the eye
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| conjunction/conjunctiva | provides protection and shape of the eye
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| myopia | because eyeball is too long and the light rays of the retina cause distant objects to appear blurry also known as near sight
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| hyperopia | because eyeball is too short and light rays behind the retina cause objects to be blurry also known as far sight
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| deuteranapia | deficiency of particular cones cause difficulty distinguishing color also known as color blind
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| snellon chart | chart used for eye exam
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| pinna (outer ear) | cassius waves and passes to the ear canal
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| ear canal | provides passageway for sound waves to reach the eardrum
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| tympanic membrane (middle ear/ eardrum) | converts and amplifies vibrations in the air to vibration fluids
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| vertigo | condition in which a person inappropriately experiences the perception of motion
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| motion sickness | condition in which a persons brain perceives movement differently than the eye visualizes the movement
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| taste buds | epithelial cells that allow the tongue to taste sweet, salty, sour, bitter, metals and alkaloids
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| nares | passageway for oxygen to enter body. contains cilia which trap pathogens and foreign bodies from entering the body
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| septum | separates the left and right part of the nose
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| exudates wound | drainage from a wound
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| serious wound | clear and watery
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| sanguinous wound | bloody
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| purulent wound | puss with foul odor
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| approximation | bringing the edges of a wound together may use staples, sutures, or adhesive
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| 5 Rights | right patient - right route - right medication - right dose - right time
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| mucous membrane | lines the cavities that are exposed to the external environment secretes mucus which traps pathogens located in the nose ears eyelids genitals and anus
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| serous membrane | layer of cell that secretes a transparent pale yellow fluid reduces friction from movement surrounds the heart lungs and abdominal cavity
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| cutaneous membrane (skin) | protection, regulates body temperature, site for vitamin d production and sensation
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| synovial membrane | soft membrane that secretes a clear thick fluid to lubricate the joints, hips, knees, elbows etc...
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| epidermis | outside layer of skin acts as a barrier to the external environment regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through sweat. Thinnest at the eyelids thickest at the palms and soles of feet
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| dermis | inside layer of skin cushions the body from stress and strains
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| subcutaneous hypothermic layer | largely made of adipose (fat) loose connective tissue
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| accessory organs | Hair - nails - oil glands - sweat glands
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| 1st degree burn | affects the epidermis
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| 2nd degree burn | affects the epidermis and the dirmis
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| 3rd degree burn | affects al layers of the skin may even include the bones, adipose and muscle
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| types of burns | heat, cold, electrical, chemical, radiation, friction, inhalation
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| types of injections | intradermal, subcutaneous, intermuscular
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| 5 parts of the vertebrea | cervical 7bones
thoracic 12bones
lumbar 5bones
sacrum 5bones
coccyx 4bones
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| 6 levels of organizations in humans | 1 chemicals
2 cells
3 tissues
4 organs
5 organ system
6 organism
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| 5 cavities of the body | cranial (skull brain)
thoracic (heart, lungs, esophagus)
vertebral (spine, spinal cord)
abdominal (liver gallbladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, intestines)
pelvis (bladder, reproductive organs)
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| Hematoma | Most common injury, black and blue
needle passes through the vein
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| Tissue contusion | Bruise. Release of blood and fluid caused by the breaking of capillaries
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| petechia | red flat spots caused by appling tourniquet too tight
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| Hemoconcentration | an alteration of ratio in the blood caused by tourniquet applied too for too long
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| frosthing | bubbles that appear in the blood tube due to loose needle, or air escaping from the bevel that has been pulled out of vain
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| syncope | fainting. caused by temporary insufficient blood flow to brain due to stress, fear, changes of blood pressure
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| diapheratic | cold, clammy, pale skin, nausea, lost of hearing
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| Seizure | caused by an interruption of electrical activity of the brain
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| emesis | vomiting
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| Hemostasis | control bleeding
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| basophil | cells releasing heparin and histamines
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| erythropoietin | stimulates bone marrow to produce RBS's
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| leukocyte | WBS
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| erythrocyte | RBC
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| platelets | cells assisting in blood clotting fragments of cells
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| serum | plasma with cells and clotting factor removed
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| hematocrit | measures percentage of RBS's in blood
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| agglutination | clumping of cells
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| globulins | blood proteins
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| embolus | blood clot "on the move"
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| eosinophil | fights virus and parasitic infections
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| agranulocytes | WBS's with no cytoplasmic granules
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| lymphocyte | WBS'c of the immune system
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| granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinohils and basophils with cytoplasmic granules
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| thrombocytes | the other term for platelets
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| thrombus | a blood clot
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| monocyte | destroys bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the blood
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| fibrinogens | plasma substance important in blood clotting
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| coaguation | process of blood clotting
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| neutrophil | phagocytes destroying bacteria, viruses, and toxins
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| agglutination | occurs when there is no match between blood types and RH factors
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| leukocytosis | WBC above normal
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| Gases dissolved in plasma | oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
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| Stroke | may result if embolus blocks a cerebral artery
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| Blood type O | Universal donor
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| erythoblastosis fetalis | could develop if an RH positive women and a RH negative man have a baby
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| leukemia | cancer of too little WBC in the blood
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| anemia | production of too few RBC in the blood
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| hemolytic | results from RBC destruction
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| diapedesis | the squeezing of a cell through the blood vessel wall
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| anticubital fossa | inside bend of the elbow
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| middle cubital | middle of the arm 1st to access for venipuncture
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| cephalic vein | runs along the thumb side of arm 2nd to access for venipuncture
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| basilic vein | runs along pinky side of arm last vein to access for venipuncture
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| sclerotic vein | hard, narrow, difficult to puncture
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| torturous vein | twisted vein, don't run in a straight line
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| fragile vein | thin, weak, collapse easiy, do not refill quickly
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| thrombotic vein | hard and tender due to blood clots
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| phlebitic vein | tender, warm and red due to inflammation
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| accreditation | process by which a government agency evaluates a program or institution according to established guidelines or standards
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| aseptic | pertaining to a condition that is free of disease-producing microorganisms
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| battery | unlawful act of physical force or contact towards another individual
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| assault | unlawful act of threatening or causing a person to experience fear
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| capillary | smallest of all blood vessels, which allows the exchange of nutrients and oxygen between the cells and blood, capillaries connect arteries to viens
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| certification | process whereby individuals or institutions demonstrate their ability to perform at or above a predetermined level of standard
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| chemistry | evaluation of chemical constituents that normally occur in the human body, such as glucose, sodium, and potassium levels
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| confidentiality | privacy regarding patient information
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| ethics | standards of behavior, developed as a result of one's concept of right and wrong
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| hematology | study of blood and blood forming tissues
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| Hepatitis B | inflammation of the liver from viral or toxic origins; can be transmitted through blood and body fluid
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| histology | study of human tissues and cells
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| immunology | study of the body's resistance to allergies and other agents that affect the body's immune system; also called serology
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| informed concent | permission granted by the patient to perform any treatment; obtained only when the patient has been told what to expect, the risk, and potential consequences of the procedure
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| microbiology | the study of one-celled organisms that are usually only visible under a microscope
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| microsurgery | surgery involving reconstruction of small tissue structure
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| microtechniques | process of obtaining blood using a dermal (skin) puncture procedure
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| negligence | an intention or unintentional error or wrongdoing
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| nosocomial infection | infection acquired while in a hospital or medical setting
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| patient's bill of rights | document created by the American Hospital Association that identifies privileges patients in health care facilities must have.
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| personal protective equipment (PPE) | protective coverings such as gloves, goggles, gowns, and mask that are worn to minimize exposure to blood and body fluids; required by OSHA to be worn when handling body fluids
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| phlebotomy | an invasive procedure in which a sharp object is introduced into a vein to obtain blood
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| phlebotomist | an individual trained and skilled in obtaining blood samples for clinical sampling
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| point-of-care testing (POCT) | test performed at the patients bedside or work area, using a portable instrument
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| professionalism | a group of characteristics or qualities that display a positive image or code of ethics
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| reference laboratory | a off-site lab to which specimens are referred for testing; usually used for test not routinely performed in physicians' offices
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| standard precautions | infection control guide-lines issued by the CDC to decrease exposure to potentially infectious substances in acute care settings
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| toxicology | detection and study of agents that are harmful to the body
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| urinalysis | examination of urine for physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics
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| venipuncture | procedure in which a sharp object is introduced into a vein for the purpose of withdrawing blood or instilling medication
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| antecubital fossa | area located in the middle of the arm in front of the elbow, where the most commonly used veins for venipuncture are found
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| antibody | complex protein substance that is produced as a response to foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, or other protein in order to protect the body
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| anticogulant | any agent that prevents blood from clotting
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| antigen | substance that causes the formation of an antibody when introduced into blood or tissue
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| aorta | largest artery in the body
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| arteriole | smaller branch of an artery, miniature artery
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| artery | blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues
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| basophil | least numerous type of leukocytes
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| blood type | description based on ABO classification system that determines the presence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma
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| capillary | smallest of all the blood vessels; joins arteries and veins; where gas exchange occurs
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| coagulation | cessation of bleeding; clot formation
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| cytoplasm | area of the cell outside the nucleus
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|
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| deoxygenated | containing a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than oxygen
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|
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| diapedesis | process by which certain white blood cells can exit the capillaries and enter the tissues in response to pathogens
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|
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| eosinophil | leukocyte that aids the body in fighting parasites and occurs in increase number in patients with allergies
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| erythrocyte | red blood cells containing hemoglobin, responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
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|
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| fibrin | threadlike strains of protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen
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|
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| fibrinogen | protein found in plasma that is essential for clotting of blood
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|
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| hematoma | collection of blood under the skin due to leakage of blood from a punctured vein of artery
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|
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| hemoglobin | iron-rich protein molecule found in red blood cells that function to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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|
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| hemostasis | process of coagulation, or clot formation, that repairs vessel damage and stops blood loss
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|
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| leukocyte | white blood cell whose main function is combating infection and removing disintegrating tissues
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|
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| lymphocyte | leukocytes (WBC) that multiplies in the lymphoid tissue and has a role in the body's immune system
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|
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| monocyte | large leukocytes (WBC) formed in bone marrow that ingests bacteria, old red blood cells, and debris in tissues
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| neutrophil | WBC's that engulfs and digests pathogens found in tissues
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| oxygenated | containing higher concentration of oxygen than carbon dioxide
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|
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| phagocytosis | process by which bacteria and antigens are surrounded and engulfed by WBS
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||||
| plasma | clear, pale yellow fluid component of blood that contains fibrinogens
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| pus | substance containing old WBC's, pathogens, and other debris
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|
||||
| serum | clear, pale yellow fluid that remains when blood is allowed to clot and does not contain fibrinogens; plasma minus the clotting factor
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|
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| thrombin | enzyme formed in response to an injury that is prerequisite to the fibrin clot formation
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|
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| thrombocyte | also called platelet; the smallest of the formed elements in the bloodstream
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|
||||
| tunica intima | innermost layer of arteries and veins
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|
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| tunica media | middle layer of arteries and veins
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|
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| tunica adventitia | outermost layer of arteries and veins
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|
||||
| vein | blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart
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|
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| vena cava | the larges vein in the body
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|
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| venule | a very small vein
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|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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