history of medicine
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| Andres Vesalius | dissected bodies secretly; published De Humani Corporis Fabrica in 1538
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| William Harvey | discovered blood circulation
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| Karl Landsteiner | came up with the 4 blood types
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| Horace Wells, William Morton, Crawford Long | found an effective anesthetic; first public use of anesthesia was on October 16, 1846
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| Wilhelm Roentgen | discovered x-rays
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| Ignaz Semmelweis | pioneer of antiseptic procedures; helped drop the rates of child birth fever
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| Louis Pasteur | discovered germs; came up with germ theory; began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
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| Edward Jenner | came up with the small pox vaccine
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| Jonas Salk | vaccine against polio
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| James Lind | discovered that citrus fruits protected sailors from scurvy
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| Frederick Gowland Hopkins | discovered that our bodies need specific nutrients/vitamins to survive
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| Alexander Flemming | discovered penicillin
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| Howard Florey, Erns Chain | picked up Flemming's work and successfully extracted penicillin and created the world's first antibiotic
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| Bernard Domagk | chemo-therapeutic drugs; sulfa drug
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| Sir Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Best, John James, Rickard Macleod | discovered insulin as a treatment for diabetes
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| Michael Bishop, Harold Varmus | discovered tumor/cancer causing genes; tested it on chickens
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| Luk Montagnier, Robert Galio | discovered/identified HIV/AIDS (retro virus); DNA of the virus becomes part of us
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| Joseph Murray | performed the first successful kidney transplant in 1954
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| Marie Curie | isolated radium in 1910
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| Gregory Mendel | established the patterns of heredity
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| Romans | began public health and sanitation systems
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| Hippocrates | father of medicine
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| Leonardo DaVinci, Michaelangelo | used dissection to draw the human body
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| Dark Ages | period of time in which emphasis was placed on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
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| Clara Barton | founded the American Red Cross in 1881
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| Egyptians | earliest people known to maintain health records
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| Chinese | used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion
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| Robert Koch | developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
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| Florence Nightingale | founder of modern nursing
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| Joseph Lister | began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery
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| Gabriel Fahrenheit | created the first mercury thermometer
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| Rhazes | an Arab physician who began the use of animal gut for suture material
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| what ancient people thought was the cause of disease | punishment from the gods; demons and evil spirits
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| Hippocrates stressed these 4 things to help the body heal itself | good dieting, fresh air, exercise, and cleanliness
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| Rod of Asclepius | Greek symbol associated with medicine and healing, founded in ancient Greece; staff entwined by a snake
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| main method to treat disease in the Dark Ages | prayer; divine intervention
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| Shortened the lifespan of people in the Middle Ages | smallpox, dysentery, typhus, bubonic plague
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| Used as medications in the 17th century | plants and herbs
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| Elizabeth Blackwell | first female physician/doctor in the U.S.
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| Gabriel Fallopius | described the tympanic membrane in the ear and the fallopian tubes in females
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| Bartolomeo Eustachio | described the tube that connects the ears and the throat
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | invented the microscope in 1666
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| Rene Laenec | invented the stethoscope in 1819; father of pulmonary diseases
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| Francis Crick and James Watson | discovered the structure of DNA
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| Elizabeth Garret Anderson | first female physician in Britain
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| First open heart surgery | 1950s
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