Gastrointestinal physiology 4/13
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| 6 organs of tract are | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
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| alimentary canal is __ feet long | 30 feet
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| 9 accessory organs for GI tract | teeth, tongue, salivary/gastric/intestinal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and appendix
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| ___ tear and pulverize food | teeth
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| ___ and hard palate maneuver food for mastication and swallowing | tongue
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| ___and cheeks aid in uniform chewing of foods | lips
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| rounded ball of food covered with mucus is a | bolus
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| bolus of formed in the mouth and pushed to the back of __ | oropharynx
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| fatty acid and monoglucerides are products of | lipid digestion
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| products of lipid digestion combine with bile salts to form | water soluble micelles
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| cholesterol and lecithin and from | bile
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| ___ carry and deposit fatty acids and monoglycerides to apical surgace of intestinal epithelial cells | micelles
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| Inside the intestinal epithelial cells monoglycerides and fatty acids are converted into | triglycerides
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| triglycerides are combined with phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein to form | lipoproteins called chylomicrons
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| monoglyverieds and fatty acids enter intestinal epithelial cells by | simple diffusion
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| __ exit the basal end of the epithelial cells via exocytosis | chylomicrons
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| Chylomicrons exit via exocytosis and is able to enter a | lymph lacteal
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| 80% of fluid adsorption occures in the | small intestine
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| mechanical processes begin with ___ enters via the large intestine | chyme
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| chyme enters the large intestine via the __ valve into the cecum/ascending colon | ileocecal valve
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| contents rhythmically squeezed from haustrum to haustrum is called | haustral churning
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| strong contractile wave beginning in mid transverse colon pushing contents into rectum is called | mass peristalsis
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| _ is the active transport of Na+ from the lumen to the blood allowing water to follow osmotically | primary absorptive process
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| Large intestine is inhabited by millions of bacteria which modify __ before it is expelled from fhe body | chyme
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| Bacteria do fermentation of remaining carbohydrates into what 3 gases | H gas, methane gas, and Co2 gas
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| Bacteria do decomposition of __ into simpler pigments | bilirubin
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| synthesis of vitamins (Vit K and B) happen in the | large intestine
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| ___ reflex is initiated by distension of the rectal walls, sending sensory impulses to medulla | defecation reflex
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| reflexed contraction of ___ muscles cause an increase in rectal pressure | longitudinal rectal muscles
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| ___ forces anal sphincters to open allowing for the removal of rectal contents through anus | rectal pressure
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| function in the storage and concentration of bile | gallbladder
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| bile salt found in bile allow for | lipid emulsification
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| conversion of fat globules into fat droplets is a function of | bile salts fround in bile
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| __ manufactures most plasma proteins | liver
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| __ functions as storage of important materials like glycogen, Cu, Fe, Vit A D E K B12 | liver
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| __ manufacures bile | liver
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| synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate compounds is called | gluconeogenesis
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| __ functions in gluconeogenesis | liver
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| glycogen breakdown | glycogenolysis
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| glygogen synthesis | glycogenesis
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| lipid synthesis | lipogenesis
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| funtions in phagocytosis of old RBC | liver
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| funcitons in detoxification of harmful compounds | liver
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| funtions in collection and processing of newly absorbed nutrients | liver
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| __ contains a very large surface area due to 21 feet lenght | small intestine
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| distinct intestinal movements like rhythmic segmentation and peristalsis are initiated via ___cells in the longitudinal muscle layer | pacemaker cells
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| small intestinal movements allow for mixing of contents with __ and bringing food into contact with mucosa for absorption | digestive juices
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| small intestine juice has a pH of | pH 7.6 = 2000mls
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| small intestinal __ allows for final steps of chemical digestion of chyme | juice
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| major absorption occus in the first __% of small intestine | 20-25%
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| as saliva mixes with masticated food ___ begins the chemical breakdown of starch (carbohydrate) | salivary amylase
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| deglutition means | swallowing
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| ___ is initiated as the bolus moves into the oropharynx | deglutition
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| as bolus moves into the oropharynx impulses are sent to the medulla which initiates the ___ reflex | deglutition reflex
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| elevation of soft palate closes the __ | nasopharynx
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| neck muscles move larynx forward and __ seals glottis | epiglottis
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| elevation of tongue seals mouth and bolus enters the __ | esophagus
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| gravity and contraction of the __ moves the bolus into the esophagus | pharynx
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| __ is worm like movement of material through a tube | peristalsis
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| __ is controlled by contraction of both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle | peristalsis
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| ___ are peristaltic movements occurring every 15-25 seconds | mixing waves
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| __ is initiated by peacemaker cells withing the longitudinal muscle layer of the gastric wall | mixing waves
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| 3 layers of gastric wall allos for specific movesments called | mixing waves
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| 3 layers of smooth muscle of gastric wall are | longitudinal, circular, and oblique layers
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| the force of the mixing waves is regulated by both __ and __ input | neural and hormonal input
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| 4 populations of specific cell types of fastric glands | chief, parietal, mucous, and enteroendocrine cells
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| the production of intrinsic factor by parietal cells aids in __ absorption in the intestines | Vit B12
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| intrinsic factor is produced by __ cells and aids in Vit B12 absorption | parietal cells
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| gastric juice mixes with food to form a thin liquid paste called | chyme
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| pH 1-2= 3000ml/day | gastric juice
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| movement of chyme from the stomach into duodenum depends on | a pressure gradient
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| specific tissues of the __ allow for both endocrine and exocrine functions | pancreas
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| alpha cells of the pancreas produce | glucagon
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| beta cells of the pancreas produce | insulin
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| delta cells of the pancreas produce | somatostatin (GHIF)
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| 3 endocrine tissues of the pancreas are | alpha, beta, and delta cells
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| acinar cells of the pancreas produce a solution rich in | digestive enzymes
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| __ cells produce a solution rich in bicarbonate | duct cells
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| 2 cells of exocrine tissues of the pancreas are | acinar and duct cells
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| __ is released as chyme enters into the duodenum | pancreatic juice
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| pH 7.2-8.2= 1200-1500mls/day | pancreatic juice
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| emptying of stomach contents into the duodenum occurs___ hours after ingestion | 2-6 hours
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