AP Language Terms
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| mono-syllabic | one syllable
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| poly-syllabic | multi-syllable
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| euphonious | pleasant sounding
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| cacophonous | harsh sounding
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| literal | accurate without embellishment
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| figurative | fresh language to create pictorial effect
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| denotative | exact meaning (dictionary definition)
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| connotative | suggested, emotional meaning (+, -)
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| objective | impersonal, unemotional, unbiased language
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| subjective | personal, emotional language
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| active | states action
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| passive | states being
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| concrete | specific, tangible
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| abstract | conceptual, not quantifiable
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| hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration of facts
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| understatement | deliberate misrepresentation as less
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| pedestrian | layman's terms
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| pedantic | boorish, inflated language
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| vulgarity | language deficient in taste and refinement; coarse, base
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| slang | vernacular speech, sometimes humousous, exaggerated or shortened for effect
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| colloquial | regional and provincial; differs from pronunciations, usage
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| jargon | specific to a field or profession
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| cliche | language used so often it has lost its freshness
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| informal/standard | correct but converstional
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| formal (literate) | appropriate for more formal occasions; often more abstract
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| assonance | repetition of similar vowel sounds in closely associated words (half rhyme)
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| consonance | repetition of similar consonant sound in closely associated words
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| alliteration | repetition of initial consonent sound in closely associated words
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| onomatopoeia | words whose pronunciation suggests meaning
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| phrase | a sequence of two or more words that does not have a finite verb and its subject
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| clause | contains a subject and a predicate and forms part of a sentence or a whole sentence
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| subordinate clause | a clause introduced by a subordinating conjuction that makes it gramatically dependent on another clause
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| independent clause | a clause that may be, but not need be, part of a larger sentence
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| simple | a sentence that does not contain another sentence
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| compound | multiclausal sentence consisting of two independent clauses
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| complex | a multiclausal sentence consisting of one or more dependent clauses and an independent clause
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| compound complex | a complex sentence coordinated with an independent clause
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| declarative | a sentence that makes a statement
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| imperative | a sentence that issues a command
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| exclamatory | a forceful utterance; an outcry
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| interrogative | a sentance that asks a question
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| rhetorical | a question that does not require an answer
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| inverted | placing the complement or direct object before the verb
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| loose | a sentence in which the main clause comes first, with the subordinated clause following
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| periodic | a sentence in which the main clause occurs last, with the subordinate clause preceding
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| interrupted | placing modifiers in between the subject and verb and verb and object or complement
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| parallel | like structure or function in coordinated elements
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| isocolon | a symmetrical repetition of sounds and words in phrases of equal lengh, a type of parallelism
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| balanced | neatly divided between two parallel structures; for example two independent clauses in a compound sentence
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| antithesis | a statement that takes an arguable position opposite from another (the thesis of another)
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| juxtaposition | the palcing of two contrasting ideas side by side for comparison/contrast
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| oxymoron | a figure of speech, with a seeming self contradiciont
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| paradox | any person, thing, or situation that is apparently self contradicting
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| transition | a link between ideas
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| ellipsis | three spaced periods used to indicate the omission of a word or words from a quotation
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| asyndeton | suppressing all coordinating conjuctions in a parallel series
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| apposition (appositive) | a noun phrase, set off by commas, which specifies a preceding noun or noun phrase
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| parenthesis | sets of nonessential information in a sentence
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| polysyndeton | inserting many coordinating conjuctions
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| anaphora | repetition of same word at beginning of successive phrases/clauses/sentences
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| epistrophe | repetition of same word at tend of successive phrases/clauses/sentences
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| anadiplosis | repetition of last word in phrases/clauses/sentences as the first word in the next phrases/clauses/sentences
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| epanalepsis | repetition of word at beginning and end of same phrases/clauses/sentences
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| antimetabole | repetition of words in reverse order
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| chiasmus | repetition of grammatical structures first phrase/clause in reverse order in second phrase/clause
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| rhetoric | the study of effective speaking and writing
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| anecdote | a short account of a particular incident or event of an interesting or amusing nature, often biographical
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| digression | a passage that deviates from the central theme in speech or writing
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| concession | an acknowledgement or admission
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| apostrophe | an address to someone not present, or to a personified objector idea
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| aside | words spoken so as not to be heard by others present (acting) or a temporary departure from a main theme or topic; especially a parenthetical
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| analogy | a comparison of apparently dissimilar things in order to show similarities
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| metaphor | a comparison made by referring to one thing as another
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| simile | a direct comparison using "like" "as" "resembles"
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| personification | inanimate objects of abstractions are endowed with human qualitites or are represented as possessing human for also known as prosopopeia
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| synecdoche | a whole is represented by naming one of its parts
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| metonymy | reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes
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| euphemism | substituting a more favorable for pejorative or socially delicate term
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| pun | the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning, a play on words
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| allusion | an indirect reference to something the author expects you to be familiar with
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| images | any words that appeal to one or more of the five senses
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| details | to mention on by one; specific; list
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| symbol | anything that represents something else
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| motif | a recurring subject, theme, idea etc. especially in a literary, artistic, or musical work
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| archetype | the original pattern that things are copied from or based; a model or first form, prototype
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| tone | authors attitude toward the subject he or she is writing about
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| style | encompasses diction, rhetorical terms, and syntax
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| mood/atmosphere | feeling that is eboked by the piece
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| shift | change in purpose, tone, point of view, or any number of other things
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