intro to viroids and prions 3/26
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| plant pathogens made up of short circular single stranded RNA not surrounded by protein coat | Viroids
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| non cellular hypotroph made up of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat | virus
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| a complete infective form of a virus as it exists outside of the host is called | virion
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| the sudy of viruses | virology
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| virus that infects bacteria is called | bacteriophage
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| virus that infects E. coli is called | coliphage
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| animal viruses enter their hosts via | endocytosis
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| before the animal virus genome is activated the protein capside is removed by a process called | uncoating
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| a diploid single stranded RNA type virus known as a retrovirus | Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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| How is Human Immunodeficincy Virus a retrovirus | it has the ability to reverse transcribe the info of it's viral genome from RNA to DNA
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| Human Immunodeficiency Virus primary targets | T4 lymphocytes
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| after the virus nucleocapsid enter the host the capsid is removed by a process called | uncoating
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| __ enzyme of HIV caused viral RNA to be reverse transcribed into DNA | reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase)
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| In HIV the DNA can become integrated into the chromosome of host to form a | provirus
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| integration of viral DNA into host chromosome requires the enzyme ___ | integrase
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| HIV exit the host cell by | budding
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| what causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome | loss of helper T lymphocytes and imbalance within the immune system leaving host subject to infection of many pathogens
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| double stranded DNA viruses with nyucleocapsideds and envelopes. Has the tendency to go into latent stage following primary infection and reactivate at later times. | Herpesviruses (Herpesviridae)
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| cold sores (fever blisters) and genital that can cross infect | Human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (Simplexvirus)-Herpes labialis and genitalis-
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| caused chickenpox and shingles (zoster) | Human herpesvirus 3 (Varicellovirus)-Varicella-zoster virus-
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| an acute infectious disesase characterized by a maculopapular rash, fever, and respiratory Sx | Measeles (Morbillivirus) Rubeola virus
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| an acute contagious disease characterized by enlargement of salivary glands or glandular tissues | Mumps (Rubulavirus)
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| an acute illness- rash, mild fever, and sore throat. Serious to pregnat women causesin to abnormalities of the ear, eye, heat and nervouse system. | German Measles (Rubivirus) Rubella virus
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| a disease commonly associated with aging people and heritable changes in a cells genetic material | cancer
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| different types of viruses serve as cofactors or cocarcinogens in the development of ___ in humans | tumors
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| segments of DNA that are important players in cancer development | oncogenes
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| ___ serve as potential components involved in the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells | oncogenes
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| ___ are normal cellular genes that can give rise to cellular or retroviral oncognes | proto oncogenes
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| genes avle to prevent the conversion of normal cells into tumor cells are | tumor suppressor genes
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| viruses have been shown to alter cells through a process called | transformation
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| viruses capable of inducing tumor formation in animals are | oncogenic viruses
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| __ of a virus can be either DNA or RNA (double or single stranded) | nucleic acid core or genome
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| viruses with double stranded RNA the strands are __ and __ | complimentary and antiparallel
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| protein coat surrounding nucleic acid core of a virus | capsid
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| capsid is made up of units called | capsomers
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| capsomers are made up of protein complexes called | protomers
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| many viral capsids are ___ that are spherical in shape | polyhedrons
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| some viruses have an __ outside their protein capsid | envelope
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| capsid and nucleic acide core together are called | necleocapsid
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| ___ are attached to the nucleocapsid | tail assembly
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| 2 groups of Bacteriophages are | cytolytic and temperate bacteriophages
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| __ causes cell lysis | cytolytic bacteriophage
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| __ does not kill its host right away and may become a prohage | temperate bacteriophage
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| the life cycle starts with a __ outside the cell | virion
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| the binding of a virus to a cells surface is called | adsorption
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| __ involves interaction between the tail fibers and receptors on the host cell surface | adsorption
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| the viral nucleic acid core enters the host cells during | penetration
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| During __ the nucleic acid core enters the host cell | penetration
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| viral nucleic acid is transcribed and translated during | latent period or eclipse phase
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| viral genome is transcribed in 3 parts: | immediate early phage genes, delayed arly phage genes, and late phage genes
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| __ genes encode enzymes that transcribe viral genes and chop up host cells DNA | immediate early phage genes
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| __genes encode enzymes used to replicate the viral genome | delayed early phage genes
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| __ genes encode the proteins needed to build the viral capsid and tail assembly | late phage genes
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| during __ phase the viral components are assembled to form new virons | assembly or maturation
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| proteins that assist in assembling new virions are called | chaperonins
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| __ phase the cell is lysed as viral enzymes soften cell wall and new virions are released | release or liberation
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| temperate phages 2 aka's | avirulent or asymptomatic phages
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| ___ is a temperate phage that can become a prophage and also revert to a lytic life cycle | bacteriophage lambda
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| __ gene of Bacteriophage lambda codes for a repressor protein that can block transcription of viral lytic genes | cI gene
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| RecA gene of E. coli codes for __ | proteolytic enzyme
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| __ catalyses the cleavage and inactivation of the cI repressor protein | proteolytic enzyme
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| RecA gene is activated with E. coli cells are in __ conditions | stressful
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| __ occurs when a temperate page genome establishes a stable non lytic relationship with host cell | Lysogeny
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| a bacterium that is carrying a prohage is called a | lysogenic cell
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| the phenotype of bacteria is influenced by the expression of the viral genes | lysogenic conversion or bacteriophage conversion
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