Side B
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Endocrine system | all organs in the endocrine system are glands
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| Exocrine glands | not part of endocrine system; secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity EX: sweat glands
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| Endocrine glands | ductless; produce & secret hormones, chemical substances with regulatory effect on activity of target cells or organs
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| Hormones | endocrine glands secrete chemicals (__________) into the blood
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| Slow long lasting speed | hormones general function of communication & control at a
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| Target cell | hormone binds to a cell that has specific receptors for that hormone, triggering a reaction, this is called a
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| Nonsteroid hormones | (first messengers) bind to receptors on the target cell membrane, triggering 2nd messengers to affect cell activity
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| Steroid hormones | bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus & influence cell activity by acting on DNA (no second messenger)
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| Hormone receptor complex | target cell nucleus is called
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| Homeostatic feedback | hormone secretion is controlled by
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| Negative feedback | mechanisms that reverse the direction of a change in system Ex: eat a meal BS goes up, pancreas releases insulin BS goes down
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| Positive feedback | (uncommon) mechanisms amplify changes Ex: during pregnancy muscle contractions push baby through canal, they get stronger
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| Hypersecretion | secretion of excess hormone
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| Hyposecretion | insufficient hormone secretion
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| Polyendocrine disorders | hyper- or hyposecretion of more than 1 hormone
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| Prostaglandins (PGs) | are powerful substances found in a variety of body tissues
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| Tissue hormone | Prostaglandins (PGs) also known as
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| Respiration, BP, Gastrointestinal, Secretions, & Reproduction | PGs influence many body functions
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| Pituitary gland | 2 parts located in cranial cavity; size of a pea
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| Anterior pituitary | Adenohypophysis
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| Adeno | gland
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| Pituitary gland | TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), GH (Growth hormone), & Lactogenic Hormone are major hormones of the
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| TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) | stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secret thyroid hormone
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| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) | produced in pituitary, stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex & stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids
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| FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) | initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month, begins development of the eggs in ovary
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| LH (Luteinizing hormone) | acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion & follicle growth to maturity; causes ovulation, called ovulation hormone
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| Giganitism | hypersecretion of GH (Growth Hormone) during childhood can cause
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| Acromegaly | hypersecretion of GH (Growth Hormone) during adulthood causes
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| Dwarfism | hyposecretion of GH (Growth Hormone) during childhood results in
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| PL (Prolactin) | stimulate breast development during pregnancy & secretion after delivery
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| Posterior pituitary gland | ADH (Antidiuretic hormone), OT (Oxytocin), & Aldosterone are hormones of the
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| ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) | accelerates water retention decreases urine
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| Diabetes insipidus | Hyposecretion of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) causes __________, characterized by excessive volume of urine
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| OT (Oxytocin) | stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract, releases breast milk into ducts (milk let down)
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| Hypothalamus | OT (Oxytocin) is PRODUCED by
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| Aldosterone | DECREASES URINE; is a mineralocorticoid
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| ANH | increases urine
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| Hypothalamus | actual production of ADH & Oxytocin occurs in __________, released by posterior pituitary
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| Brain structure | hypothalamus is actually a __________, but influences endocrine functions
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| Temperature, appetite, & thirst | hypothalamus controls many body functions related to homeostasis, such as
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| Thyroid | gland that STORES a considerable amount of hormone
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| Thyroid gland |
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| contain 3 atoms of iodine
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| Catabolism | thyroid hormones accelerate
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| Metabolic rate | thyroid hormones increases body
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| Calcitonin (CT) | produced by thyroid; decreases the blood calcium concentration (decreases calcium); prevents hypercalcemia
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| has more target cells than ADH
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| Hyperthyroidism | hypersecretion of thyroid gland hormones
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| Hypothyroidism | hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones
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| Goiters | painless enlargement of thyroid caused by deficiency of iodine
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| Graves disease | inherited form of hypothyroidism
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| Retardation | hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones during early development can cause
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| Myxedema | hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones in adulthood can cause
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| Different | myxedema & Graves disease has __________ causes
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| Parathyroid gland | PTH is a hormone of the
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| Neck | Parathyroid gland is located in the
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| Adrenal cortex | GCs(Glucocorticoids: Cortisol & Hydrocortisone), MCs (Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone) & Sex hormones of the
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| Glucocorticoids | help maintain normal glucose concentration by increasing gluconeogenesis (increasing glucose level) also helps maintain BP & acts as inflammatory
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| Mineralocorticoids | increase blood sodium & decrease potassium EX: Aldosterone
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| Adrenal Medulla | Epi (Epinephrine) or adrenaline & NR (norepinephrine) are hormones of the
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| Stress | adrenal medulla hormones help the body resist
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| Sympathetic nervous system | adrenal medulla reinforces the effects of __________. (Your fight or flight response)
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| Pancreatic Islets | Glucagon & Insulin are hormones of the
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| Glucagon | increases BS level
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| Insulin | decreases BS
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| Antagonists | Glucagon & insulin are __________ of each other
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| Type 1 | diabetes mellitus type from HYPOSECRETION of insulin; previously called IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) or juvenile-onset diabetes
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| Type 2 | diabetes mellitus type from target cell INSENSITIVITY to insulin; previously called NIDDM ( noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or AODM (adult-onset diabetes)
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| Cellular | diabetes mellitus type 2 is a __________ problem
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| Ovaries | secrete hormones, effects estrogen
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| Estrogen | development of breasts & menstrual cycle
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| Testosterone | interstitial cells of the testes secrete this male hormone; development, beard growth, changes voice during puberty
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| Thymus | produces hormone thymosin
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| Thymosin | plays important role in development of immune system
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| Mediastinum | thymus is located in the __________ NOT THE NECK
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| Cortex & Medulla | thymus is composed of a
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| Placenta | functions as an endocrine gland temporarily during labor
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| Estrogen & Progesterone | the hormones __________ maintain the pregnancy
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| Pregnancy | the hormones released by placenta help detect
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| pineal | small gland near roof of the third ventricle of the brain
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| Melatonin | pineal gland secretes; inhibits ovarian activity & REGULATES the body's internal clock
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| Tropic hormones | stimulate other endocrine glands
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| No insulin is produced | type 1 diabetes mellitus cause: the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed & eventually
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| Resistance of body cells to the action of insulin | type 2 diabetes mellitus cause which may eventually lead to a decrease in insulin secretion
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