4.2 - The purges of the 1930s
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - What did Stalin never feel? | Secure
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - How was it obvious that Stalin never felt secure? | From his dealings with his political enemies during his rise to power.
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - As well as never feeling secure, what was Stalin also aware of? | That some other 'Old Bolsheviks' were cleverer than he was.
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - What were the purges? | A convenient way of excusing failure and setbacks. If targets were not met, the failure could be blamed on sabotage.
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - What did the fact that if targets were not met the failure could be blamed on sabotage (in the purges) provide? | The reasons for getting rid of enemies of the State.
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - What have different people suggested abut the purges? | Some have suggested that they provide evidence that Stalin suffered from paranoia. Others have suggested that he was a sadist who enjoyed cruelty.
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - How have some tried to excuse Stalin from total responsibility for the purges? | By saying that he was a weak character easily influenced by others.
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| THE REASONS FOR THE PURGES - Whatever the explanations, what did the purges do? | Unify the country by appealing to people's nationalism and loyalty at a crucial time when the USSR was increasingly threatened from abroad, especially with the expanding control of Eastern Europe by Hitler.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - How did the purges begin? | With the murder of Sergei Kirov in December 1934. He was a young and popular communist working in an office in Leningrad. The government newspapers announced that the murder was part of a terrorist conspiracy to kill Stalin.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - What happened immediately after the government newspapers announced that the murder of Kirov was part of a terrorist conspiracy to kill Stalin? | Leading communists such as Kamenev and Zinoviev were arrested on false charges of terrorism.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - What did the murder of Kirov allegedly being part of a terrorist conspiracy to kill Stalin provide Stalin with? | The excuse to mount a wave of arrests with punishments of hard labour or execution.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - What is it now thought likely that happened (surrounding Kirov's murder)? | That he was murdered on Stalin's orders.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - Why is it now thought likely that Kirov was murdered on Stalin's orders? | Because he was popular; he had criticised the cruel aspects of the collectivisation of agriculture in the early 1930s and some saw him as a future leader.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - What was later published in a Soviet magazine? When? | An explanation written by Nikita Khrushchev in the late-1950s after the death of Stalin saying that the murder was organised from above by Yagoda - who could only act on the secret instructions of Stalin. 1989.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - Who was Khrushchev at the time of Kirov's murder (1934)? | Moscow Party Secretary and a loyal supporter of Stalin.
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| THE EXTENT OF THE PURGES - After being Moscow Party Secretary and a loyal supporter of Stalin in 1934, what did Khrushchev later become? | Ruler of the USSR and criticiser of Stalin's methods.
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