The Work of Gregor Mendel
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| the scientific study of heredity | genetics
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| if allowed to self pollinate, offspring produced would be identical to the parent | true breeding
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| specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another | trait
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| offspring crossed between parents with different traits are | hybrids
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| chemical factors that determine traits | genes
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| different forms of a gene are | alleles
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| The principle of __________ states that some alleles are dominant and others recessive | dominance
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| separation of alleles | segregation
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| sex cells | gametes
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| the liklihood that a particular event will occur | probability
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| the principles of _________ can be useful to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses | probability
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| the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross can be determined by drawing a diagram known as this | punnett square
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| organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait, true-breeding | homozygous
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| organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait, hybrid | heterozygous
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| physical characteristics | phenotype
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| genetic makeup | genotype
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| genes that segregate independently form do not influence each others inheritance | independent assortment
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| the principle of ___________ ____________ states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes | independent assortment
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| the inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by________. In sexual organisms, genes are passed from ________ to _______. | genes, parent, offspring
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| in cases where more than one form of a gene exists for a single trait, some forms may be __________ and others __________ | dominant recessive
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| in most sexual organisms, each adult has two copies of each ______. one from each parent. They are __________ when gametes are formed | segregated
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| the alleles for different genes usually segregate ____________ | independently
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| T/F some alleles are neither dominant or recessive | TRUE
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| T/F Traits cannot be controlled by multiple alleles | FALSE
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| Many _______ are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes | traits
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| cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another is called | incomplete dominance
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| both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism | codominance
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| genes that have more than two alleles | multiple alleles
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| traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be _________ traits, which means "having many genes" | polygenic
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| describe the main results of meiosis | four haploid (gametes) cells that are genetically different due to crossing over
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| a cell containing both sets of homologous chromosomes | diploid
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| contains one set of homologous chromosomes | haploid
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| sex cells (gametes) are haploid/diploid? | haploid
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| _________ is a process of reduction devision in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell | meiosis
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| by the end of meiosis, the diploid cell has become four ________ cells | haploid
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| prior to meiosis 1, each chromosome is ___________. (Interphase 1) | replicated
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| Prophase 1- Chromosomes pair with _______ chromosomes to form a _______which contains four chromatids. Then __________ over occurs, portions of chromatids are exchanged | homologous, tetrad, crossing
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| this leads to genetic diversity, portions of chromatids are exchanged | crossing over
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| in this stage of meiosis, chromosomes line up in the middle of a single cell | Metaphase 1
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| in this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate in the single cell | anaphase 1
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| Meiosis 1 ends with_____ haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original, duplicated cell (so it has the normal amount) | 2
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| Meiosos II-Prophase II-chromosomes Do/DoNot replicate? | Do NOT
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| in this phase of meiosis, chromosomes line up along the middle of both haploid cells | metaphase II
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| Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical ________ cells, while meiosis produces 4 genetically different______cells | diploid, hapliod
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| the simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of an organism to create a desired change | genetic engineering
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| organisms that contain genes from other organisms, altered by genetic engineering | transgenic
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| engineering of organisms for useful purposes | biotechnology
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| give two reasons to clone animals | herd improvement, pharmaceutical production, satisfy desires(pets)
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| Tiny segments of a gene are taken out and replaced with other unrelated DNA, also called gene splicing | recombinant DNA
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| production of pharmaceuticals in animals engineered to contain a foreign, drug producing gene | pharming
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| moving a gene from one organism to another | gene transfer
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| a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell | clone
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