SS
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| archaeologist | hunt for evidence buried in the ground; fossils; where settlements may have been
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| fossil | traces of plants and animals preserved in rock
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| artifact | things made by humans; tools, weapons, and other things
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| anthropologist | focus on human society; the study how humans developed and how they related to one another
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| nomad | regularly move; travel together to be safer and gather food easier
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| technology | tools and methods to help humans preform tasks
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| domesticate | to tame animals and plants for human use
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| Hammurabi | the babylonian king; began conquering cities north and south; created a code covering crimes, family, business, activities, and marriage
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| irrigation | walls, waterways and ditches bring water into the fields. Allowed farmers to grow plenty of food
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| city-state | has its own government: part of sumer; sumerian city
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| artisan | skilled workers who make metal products, cloth, or pottery
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| cuneiform | a system of writing to keep business deals; Sumerian writing, sharp long weed to create wedge sharp letters on a clay tablet.
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| scribe | record keepers; boys from wealthy families; often go on to becoming judges
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| empire | a group of many different lands under one ruler
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| Sumer(ians) | 3500 BC- 1800 BC city states went to war with each other. Polytheistic good with wheel, bronze, tools, conquered by Sargon, of Akkadians
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| Mesopotamia(ians) | Btwn Tigris and Euphrates rivers; Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans. Floods, irrigation, trade, transportation, communication, laws, armies
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| Babylon(ians) | Followed the code of Hammurabi: evil cruel king; 1800BC-1600 BC large center of trade.
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| Assyria(ns) | 900-612 BC; Conquered Babylonians; they had Warrior, culture, tools, battering rams, caralry
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| Sahara | The world's largest and hottest desert
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| Papyrus | a reed plant that grows along side the Nile river shores. Used for baskets, sandals, river rafts, and paper making
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| King Khufu | Had a pyramid built for him. Biggest pyramid. Built in 2540 BC; 10 miles from Cairo, west bank of Nile in Giza, 500 ft tall 9 football fields; 2 million bricks; 2.5 ton
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| Religion(Egyptians) | Egyptian are polytheistic; re- Sun god;
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| Thebes | a city south of memphis; in 2100 BC became new capital
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| Canaan | Present day: Lebanon, Israel, Jordan--) After drought, famine in Mesopotamia Abraham led Israelites to Canaan
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| Moses | grew up tending sheep, then received a message from god through a burning bush and god told him to lead the israelites out of Egypt
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| David | Replaced Saul; He became famous for killing Goliath with stones and a sling shot.
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| Jerusalem | The capital of Israel; Canaan's capital
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| Judah | 2 of the 12 tribes founded the smaller kingdom; capital Jerusalem people who lived there are called jews
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| Solomon | The son of David; and built a temple; taxed for his great buildings, and not favored by the Israelites; Also became famous for his wise sayings or proverbs
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| Prophet | a person who claims to be instructed by god to share his words
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| Proverb | (solomon's) wise sayings
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| Babylon | a land jews were exiled to; met on sabbath, prayed in the synagogue
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| Diaspora | many jews learned Greek; Translated the bible to greek so people could understand it; Jews were living outside of Judah 331 BC and forbidden from Judah
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| Sabbath | a weekly day of rest and worship
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| Zealot | 66 AD; Jews who wanted to fight Romans for freedom; Won and 4 years later Romans came back and killed many Jews
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| Bedouin | lived in tents; ate dried nuts, berries, and little meat
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| Quran | Holy book os Islam
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| Shiites | Believed Ali should succeed him and all Caliphs should be Ali's descendants
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| Sunnis | outnumbered shiites; accepted the Umayyad dynasty as rightful caliphs thought they didn't always agree with their policies.
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| Mosque | muslim houses of worship; school, court, center of learning, major part of muslim cities.
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| Jesus | A Jew; Told people a relationship with God is more important than following Religious laws; Crucified by Romans; 30-33 AD preaching
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| messiah | a deliverer; This leader would help win back the Jew's freedom
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| Roman View of Jesus | Thought to be a threat to Roman Law and Order
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| persecute | to mistreat; to mistreat the christians for being bad or doing wrong things; Romans did this
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| crucify | to be hung from the cross until dead; Romans way of punishing Political Rebels
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| clergy | the church leaders
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| Old Testament | the Jewish and Christian bible
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| Roman Catholic Church | The churches of the latin speaking Christians who accepted the pope in the Western Roman empire
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| Eastern Orthodox Church | a form of Christianity based on a Greek Heritage; Emperors chose the church officials; Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire
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| Dark Ages | Oversea trade slowed and poverty took hold; Farmers couldn't grow enough food for the city; people forgot how to write and read; people forgot the written language; population shift
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| Colony | a settlement in a territory that keeps close ties to its homeland
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| polis | Greek city-state; a tiny independent country
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| agora | The open area below the acropolis. It was a market place and where people could meet and debate
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| Sparta | an oligarchy; Founded by the Dorians .Boys at 7 went to go train in war; girls trained in sports to become strong healthy mothers; War, military, physical state
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| democracy | Direct- People gather to decide on government matters; Representative- citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions.
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| Solon | Canceled all farmers debts and freed the slaves. He allowed males to participate in assemblies and law courts.
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| Oligarchy | the type of government where a few people hold power. (Sparta is one)
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| helot | captive workers of the spartans
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| Persia | warriors and nomads who herded cattle; monotheistic; persian wars against Greece
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| Cyrus the Great | managed to unite the Persians into a peaceful kingdom; built large empire
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| Darius | came to throne 521 BC; organized the government and made it better; Provinces(satrapies) rulers (satraps) led persians to loss @ Marathon
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| Satrapies | 20 provinces Darius divided up in persian empire
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| Pericles | 461-429 BC; a leading figure in the Athenian politics and a general; guided Athens. supported writers, architects, philosophers.
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| Philosopher | thinkers who ponder questions about life
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| Religion | Zeus- was the king of the gods; Hera- goddess of marriage; Hades- god of the underworld; Poseidon- god of the sea; Hestia- goddess of the home
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| Myth | traditional stories about gods and heroes
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| Drama | a story told by actors who pretend to be characters; tragedies and comedies
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| Plato | Socrates' student; Wrote the Republic. About his ideas in government and politics
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| Pythagoras | Greek Philosopher and teacher. Taught his pupils the universe follows the same laws that governed music and numbers; Mathematician, geometry
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| Aristotle | Plato's best student; Wrote 200+ books on government, planets and stars. opened a school. Taught "Golden Mean" a person should do nothing in excess
Teacher of Alexander the Great. Political ideas still used today
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| Herodotus | Greek-Wrote the history of the Persian Wars.Separated fact from legend
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| legacy | what a person leaves behind when they die. (Alexander left a legacy)
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| Himalayas | The Highest mountains in the world. Create a barrier between India and Asia. India is a subcontinent
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| Indus River valley | The land near can be used for farming. water needs to be controlled
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| Guru | a teacher for boys at the top of the Indian Society
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| Caste (system) | a social group that someone is born into that cannot change; dictates spouse & social partners
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| theocracy | when religious leaders head the government. Dalai Lama was the Lama who headed the government
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| Mauryan Dynasty | Found in 321 BC; it had a centralized government. They had a strong army, and a goof spy system and a good postal system
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| Gupta Empire | Grew wealth from trade. Created jobs for people; Mahabharata- longest poem; Ramayana- epics; Aryabbata- Mathematician
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| Zhou Dynasty | a large bureaucracy; The Dao was to keep the gods happy; Wu Wang 1045 BC period of warring states powerful rulers
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| Qin Dynasty | Emperor Qin Shinhuagdi; Took over states one by one Followed legalism; killed/punished people
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| Han Dynasty | divided empire into provinces; and countries; Tests were take to choose officials to test their skills.Inventions- iron drill bit, steel, paper, herbs, waterwheels, rudder
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| Laozi | believed people should give up worldly desires Inner peach and Harmony with nature
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| Hanfeizi | believed a society needs a system of harsh laws, and strict punishments, legalism
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| Romulus Remus | "Made Rome" Brothers Romulus killed Remus because Remus made fun of Romulus .
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| Etruscans | skilled metal workers who were rich from mining and trade. New style of dress model of army. Tarquins ruled for a century. Came north of Rome
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| legion | smaller groups of soldiers. Made of 6,000 men. and further divided in groups of 60-120 soldiers
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| Carthage | a state of the coast of North Africa. Ruled a big trading empire. One of the largest and Richest. Enemy- Rome in punic wars
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| Hadrian's Wall | Built to keep out the picts and scots. They were very warlike
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| Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage. 1- Carthage and Rome for the control of Sicily. Rome gets $ & navy. 3rd Rome destroys Carthage
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| Hannibal | Carthage's greatest general. Attacked Rome in 218 BC 2 punic war
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| consul | The top of the government officials. Two both patricians were chosen every year.
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| Octavian | Caesar's grandnephew. Inherited Caesar's wealth, and two of his generals.2nd Triumvirate. (Augustus) gave power to the senate
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| Aqueduct | a human-made channel for carrying water long distances
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| Ptolemy | an important scientist. Lived in Alexandria; He studied and mapped the sky
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| plague | a disease that spreads widely. It kills/affects many people
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| mosaic | pictures created of pieces of glass and stone
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| Byzantine Empire | lasted for 1,000 years. Spread Christianity to Eastern Europe. Trade was very important. Art and architecture was beautiful. Trade transportation; people began to speak Greek.
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| Empress Theodora | Helped Justinian Rule the empire. She was a former actress, and was very smart. She helped women gain rights
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