Heme 1 -- Chapter 9 Blood System Test Review
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| Hematology | Study of blood and blood-forming tissue.
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| Hematologist | Medical specialist in the study of hematology.
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| Blood is what type of tissue? | Connective tissue because it connects to all body systems.
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| What is blood composed of? | Plasma (straw-colored fluid), Formed elements (cells and cell fragments) and Series of cell types with different functions.
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| Total blood volume in average adult: | Males -- 5 to 6 liters; Females -- 4 to 5 liters
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| Plasma | Liquid portion of blood (straw-colored fluid; whole blood minus formed elements).
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| What does plasma do? | Transports cellular elements (solid components) throughout the circulatory system.
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| Plasma is 90% _________ and 10% ______. | 90% Water (H2O) and 10% Solutes
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| Solutes found in plasma are | Electrolytes (raw sodium); Proteins (made of 4 amino acids); Fats (raw form of 9 lipids); Glucose (sugar); Bilirubin (from bile); and Gases (O2 and CO2).
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| Which are the most abundant solutes? | Plasma proteins manufactured by the liver and grouped into 3 classes: Albumins; Globulins; and Fibrinogens.
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| Albumins | Constitute 60% of all plasma proteins and maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure.
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| Globulins | Constitute 36% of all plasma proteins and have 3 types: Alpha and Beta Globulins (both serve as transport for lipids and fat soluble vitamins; Gamma Globulins (serve as antibodies for immunity).
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| Fibrinogens | Constitute 4% of all plasma proteins and are the largest of all plasma proteins. Essential for normal clotting.
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| Hemopoiesis | Production of formed elements in the blood.
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| Hemocytoblasts | Immature Blood Cells that develop from Undifferentiated stage; as they develop they go through Differentiation process and have a specialized function.
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| Erythrocytes | Red Blood Cells (RBCs) with biconcave shape and no nucleus to allow for greatest surface area for bonding with O2.
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| Mature RBCs | Do not have a nucleus and have avg lifespan of 120 days. Main function is to transport O2; once released then absorbs CO2 (metabolic waste product) and returns to lungs to release through exhalation.
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| Hemoglobin | Main component of RBCs consisting of Iron (heme) and Protein (globin).
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| Oxyhemoglobin | When hemoglobin bonds to O2.
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| Deoxyhemoglobin | When hemoglobin bonds to CO2.
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| Normal range of Red Blood Cells (RBCs): | Males -- 4.5 to 6 million per cubic millimeter; Females -- 4.8 to 6 million per cubic millimeter
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| Leukocytes | White Blood Cells (WBCs); larger than RBCs and fewer in numbers. Mature WBCs do not lose nucleus and have no hemoglobin.
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| There are 5 types of WBCs grouped into the following 2 categories: | 1. Granulocytes (with granules -- phils); 2. Agranulocytes (without granules -- cytes)
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| Granulocytes | 1. Neutrophils (phagocytic and destroy/engulf bacteria); 2. Basophils (secrete histamines during allergic reaction) and 3. Eosinophils (increase in numbers in response to allergic reaction)
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| Agranulocytes | 1. Monocytes (phagocytic and destroy/engulf bacteria); 2. Lymphocytes (can be either phagocytic or produce antibodies that will destroy the bacteria)
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| Thrombocytes (aka Platelets) | Small disc-shaped fragments of very large cells (megakaryocytes); are essential for normal clotting and contain no hemoglobin.
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| Average platelet count | 250,000 to 500,000 platelets per cubic millimeter of blood.
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| Antigen | Substance present ON the RBC that can stimulate the body to make antibodies.
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| Antibody | Substance present IN the PLASMA that reacts in some way with the antigen that stimulated its formation.
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| Agglutination | Combination of antigen and antibody that can cause abnormal clotting of red blood cells.
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| Coagulation | Clotting to plug ruptured vessels and stop bleeding.
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| 5 Steps necessary for proper clotting: | 1. Thromboplastin (enzyme); 2. Prothrombin (blood protein); 3. Thrombin (active enzyme); 4. Fibrinogen (blood protein); 5. Fibrin (mesh for clotting)
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| Thrombus | Formed clot that stays in vessel.
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| Thrombosis | Condition in which a clot develops.
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| Embolism | Abnormal circulatory condition when the formed clot dislodges and travels througout the bloodstream.
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| Embolus | Dislodged clot -- in addition to blood clot it can be small bit of fatty tissue or air that gets lodged in a vessel.
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| Blood Types (4) | A (Anti-B); B (Anti-A); AB (Anti A and B); O (not Anti anything)
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| rH Factor | Negative (-) can give to any blood type since it does not have antibodies; but Positive (+) can only give to Positive (+) because it does have antibodies.
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| True Universal Receiver | AB+
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| True Universal Donor | O-
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