Metabolism
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| coenzyme | small molecular weight metabolites which are neccesary for enz. activity, present in small amounts, and are regenerated by other cellular enz.
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| ATP carries | Phosphoryl
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| NADH + NADPH carry | electrons (vitamin source niacin)
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| FADH2 + FMNH2 carry | electrons (vitamin source riboflavin)
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| Coenzyme A carries | Acyl (vitamin source pantothenic acid)
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| Lipoamide carries | Acyl
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| Thiamine pyrophosphate carries | aldehyde (vitamin source thiamine)
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| Biotin carries | CO2
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| Tetrahydrofolate carries | one-carbon units (vitamin source folic acid)
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| S-Adenosylmethionine carries | methyl
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| Uridine diphosphate glucose carries | glucose
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| Cytidine diphosphate di glycerol carries | phosphatidate
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| Nucleosome triphosphates carry | phosphoryl
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| insulin | decreases blood sugar
-increases uptake of glucose(except liver, brain, RBC)
-increases glycolysis in liver and adipose
-increases conversion of glucose to storage forms
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| glucagon | increases blood sugar + increases release of alternate energy sources
-increases gluconeogenesis in liver
-increases glycogenolysis in liver
-decreases glycolysis in liver
-increases lipolysis in adipose
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| epinephrine | mobilizes energy reserves + stimulates energy use in muscle
-increases glycogenolysis in liver and muscle
-increases lipolysis in adipose
-increases proteolysis in muscle
-increases gluconeogenesis in liver
-increases glycolysis in muscle
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| GLUT 1 & 3 transport glucose | RBC, brain, kidney, colon - allow constant uptake (even at low concentration) due to low Km
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| GLUT 2 transports glucose | in liver, beta cells of pancreas, kidney, small intestine - take up glucose when at high concentration due to very high Km, leads to regulation at high levels of glucose
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| GLUT 4 transports glucose | in an insulin dependant manner in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
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| nucleoside kinase | adds phosphate to nucleoside for salvage
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| phosphoribosyl transferase | adds phospho-ribo groupd to base for salvage
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| HGPRTase | hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase - specific for salvage of HX, X, and G bases
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| Deaminases | degrade amino group of purine
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| nucleotidases | degrade phosphate group of purines
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| nucleoside phosphorylases | cleave ribose from purines using Pi
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| xanthine oxidase | degrades purine ring of xanthine to uric acid (2 steps)
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| Adenylate deaminase deficiency | muscle weakness, excercise intolerance
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| adenosine deaminase | SCID
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| partial deficiency of HGPRTase | Gout
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| hexokinase | fixes glucose in the cell, low Km--> works at low concentration
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| glucokinase | fixes and activated glucose in cells with GLUT-2 (liver, beta cells)
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| PFK | rate limiting for glycolysis, enhanced by allosteric regulation of F26BP--> increase affinity for F6P and decreases inhibition by ATP
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| pyruvate kinase | PEP + AMP-->pyruvate +ATP
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| lactate dehydrogenase | pyruvate + NADH + H --> NAD + lactate
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| pyruvate carboxylase | for gluconeogenesis-in mito, pyruvate --> OAA, requires ATP + biotin
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| PEP carboxykinase | gluconeogenesis,OAA-->PEP, requires GTP
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| FBP | reverse of PFK rxn, allosterically inhibited by F26BP
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| glucose-6-phosphatase | produces free glucose, liver has a lot of it!
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| glycogen phosphorylase | glycogenolysis
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| glycogen synthase | work with branching enzyme to make glycogen
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| Citrate Synthase | OAA + acetylCoA condensed --> citric acid, entry point for CAC
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| alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase | enzyme complex, requires same cofactors as PDH, alphaKG-->succinyl CoA + NADH + CO2
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| succinylCoA synthetase | succinyl Co --> succinate + GDP + CoASH (fairly reversible rxn)
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| malate dehydrogenase | malate-->OAA + NADH (net flow is opposite Keq)
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| pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) | enzyme complex, gets pyruvate from glycolysis into mito --> acetylCoA + NADH + CO2, cofactors = thiamine, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, niacin
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