Pathology 7 and 8 Hemodynamics and Coagulability
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| Dependant edema is assosiated with what | Right heart faliure
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| Independant edema is associated with what | left hear faliure
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| What is another term for generalized edema | anasarca
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| Name the three forms of cerebral edema | vasogenic, cytotoxic, and interstitial
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| What cuases vasogenic edema | vessel obstruction
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| what causes cytotoxic edema | faliure of the Na/K pump
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| What causes interstital edema | blocking transepyndymal flow
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| What are heart faliure cells | hemosiderin-laden macrophages that exist in the pulmonary space and are caused by left heart faliure
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| lowering cardiac output will do what to Renin system | increase its activity
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| Is hyperemia a active or passive process | active
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| when do you typically see hyperemia | excercise or inflammation
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| Define congestion | blockage of blood leaving the tissue, passive, and decreases effective perfusion
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| A hemmorage that is 1-2mm, caused by increased vascular pressure or a deficency in clotting factor | Petechiae
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| What is a purpura | basically a bigger version of a petechiae but measures 3mm-1cm
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| Echymosis is also reffered to as a ... | bruise
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| How big is a echymosis | 1cm-2cm
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| Echymosis with a green/blue color | bilivirdin
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| Hemosiderin in an echymosis looks what color | gold/brown
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| Define hemostasis | he process of producing a a hemostatic plug to stop blood loss
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| Is a thrombosis too much or too little clotting | TOO MUCH
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| where is vWF released from | subendothelium ECM
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| what do you use to measure primary hemostasis | bleeding time
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| Do you find normal or prolonged PT and PTT times in primary hemostasis | normal
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| What is the normal range for platlets | 150,000 to 400,000
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| What effect do corticosteroids have on platlet count | lower platlet count
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| What is thrombocytopenia | increased destruction of platlets
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| What are the pentad of symptoms in thrombocytopenia | fever, thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, nuerological symptoms, and renal faliure
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| Spontaneous bleeding and hemarthosis are symptoms of what | Von Wildebrans
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| In patients with Von Wilbebrans will PTT be prolonged | YES
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| Desmopressin (ADH analog) is used to treat what | Von Wildebrans
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| Mutation in VIII | Hemophilia A
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| Mutation in IX | Hemophilia B
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| are hemophilias x-linked | yes
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| Secondary hemostasis is concerned with which part of clotting | tissue factor, part of epithelium
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| In secondary hemostasis which lab value are you looking at to be prolonged | PTT
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| What other two problems could cause problems in clotting | Low Vit K and liver disease
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| PT is a measure of which pathway | extrinsic
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| PTT is a measure of which pathways | intrinsic
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| What is fibrinolysis | the breakdown of the clot that has formed
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| What causes fibrinolysis | plasmin
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| What does plasmin cleave a fibrin clot into | FSP (fibrogen split products)
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| What effect do FSP's have on coagulation | anticoagulative
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| 3 major prothrobotic factors | vWF, TISSUE FACTOR, and Antifibrolytic: Plasmin activator inhibitor (PAI)
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| 4 major antithrombic factors | Intact endothelium, anticogaulatives (heparin), TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor), and fibrinolytic molecules (tPA)
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| 3 natural anticoagulants | Proteins C and S, TFPI, and antithrombins
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| How does calmodiulin work | inhibtis the use of Vit K in the coagulation pathway
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| How does heparin work | binds to antithrombin molecules, stops fibrin production, and thus no clots are formed
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| Name the three factors in Virchows triad of thrombosis | endothelial injury, stasis, and hypercoagulation
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| what is PAI and what does it do | Plasminogen activator inhibtor, acts to stop the production of plasmin, and thus blocks clots from being broken down
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| What causes alerations to the endothelium of arteries/viens | hypertension, turbulent flow, and inflammation
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| Name four causes of congestion | Inactivity, hyperviscosity, sickle cell, and leukemia
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| What are athlerosclerotic plagues, aneurisms, vavular disease, and atrial fibrillation a cuase of | turbulent blood flow
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| What is the PRIMARY cause of hypercoagulability | genetic
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| Which population is hypercoagulabity mostly seen in | older populations
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| which factor is usally a problem in hypercoagulability | V
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| Secondary hypercoagulability is also known as what | acquired
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