synapse for physiological psychology
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| 2-AG (sn-2 arachidonylglycerol) | chemical that is produced in large quantities by the brain and that attaches to cannabinoid receptors
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| Acetylcholine | chemical similar to an amino acid, except that the NH2 group has been replaced by an N(CH3)3 group; a neurotransmitter
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| Acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that breaks acetylcholine into acetate and choline
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| Affinity | tendency of a drug to bind to a particular type of receptor
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| Agonist | drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter
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| Alcoholism (alcohol dependence) | inability to quit drinking or to limit intake of alcohol in spite of strong intentions to do so
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| Amino acids | acids containing an amine group
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| Amphetamine | stimulant drug that increases the release of dopamine
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| Anandamide | naturally occurring brain chemical that binds to the same receptors as cannabinoids
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| Antagonist | drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter
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| Anterior pituitary | portion of the pituitary gland, composed of glandular tissue
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| Autoreceptor | presynaptic receptor that is stimulated by the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic cell itself, feeding back to decrease further release of the transmitter
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| Cannabinoids | chemicals related to ”9 THC, the component of marijuana that alters experience
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| Catecholamines | compounds such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine that contain both catechol and an amine (NH2)
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| Cocaine | stimulant drug that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron
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| COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase) | enzyme that converts catecholamines into synaptically inactive forms
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| Dopamine transporter | membrane protein that enables the presynaptic neuron to reabsorb dopamine after releasing it
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| Efficacy | tendency of a drug to activate a particular kind of receptor
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| Endocrine gland | structure that releases hormones into the blood
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| Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) | graded depolarization of a neuron
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| Exocytosis | excretion of neurotransmitter through the membrane of a presynaptic terminal and into the synaptic cleft between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
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| G-protein | protein coupled to GTP (guanosine triphosphate, an energy-storing molecule)
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| Gases | one of the categories of neurotransmitters, including nitric oxide and possibly others
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| Hallucinogenic drugs | drugs that grossly distort perception, such as LSD
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| Hormone | chemical secreted by glands and conveyed by the blood to other organs
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| Inhibitory postsyaptic potential (IPSP) | temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane
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| Ionotropic effect | synaptic effect that depends on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane
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| Ligand-gated channel | See Transmitter-gated channel
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| MAO (monoamine oxidase) | enzyme that converts catecholamines and serotonin into synaptically inactive forms
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| Metabotropic effect | effect at a synapse that produces a relatively slow but long-lasting effect through metabolic reactions
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| Methadone | chemical similar to heroin and morphine but often given as a substitute because it can be taken orally, in which case its effects rise and fall more slowly
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| Methylphenidate (Ritalin) | stimulant drug that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron
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| Monoamine | nonacidic neurotransmitter containing an amine group (NH2), formed by a metabolic change of certain amino acids
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| Neuropeptide | chemical formed of a chain of amino acids; released by a neuron to diff use widely, affecting many other neurons
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| Neurotransmitter | chemical released by neurons that affects other neurons
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| Nicotine | drug found in tobacco that, among other effects, stimulates certain acetylcholine receptors
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| Nitric oxide | gas released by many small neurons; alters blood flow as well as neuronal activity
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| Opiate drugs | class of drugs derived from, or similar to those derived from, opium poppies
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| Oxytocin | hormone released by the posterior pituitary; also a neurotransmitter; important for sexual and parental behaviors
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| Peptide hormone | hormone composed of a short chain of amino acids
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| Pituitary gland | endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus
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| Posterior pituitary | portion of the pituitary gland, which releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
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| Postsynaptic neuron | neuron on the receiving end of a synapse
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| Presynaptic neuron | neuron on the releasing end of a synapse
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| Protein hormone | hormone composed of a long chain of amino acids
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| Purine | category of chemicals including adenosine
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| Reflex | consistent, automatic response to a stimulus
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| Reflex arc | circuit of neurons from the sensory neurons to muscle responses that produces a reflex
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| Releasing hormone | hormone released by the hypothalamus that fl ows through the blood to the anterior pituitary
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| Reuptake | reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal
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| Second messenger | chemical within a neuron that, when activated by a neurotransmitter, initiates processes that carry messages to several areas within the neuron
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| Self-stimulation of the brain | behavior that is reinforced by direct electrical stimulation of a brain area
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| Spatial summation | combination of effects of activity from two or more synapses onto a single neuron
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| Spontaneous firing rate | periodic production of action potentials by a neuron in the absence of synaptic input
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| Stimulant drugs | drugs that tend to produce excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased fatigue, and sometimes increased motor activity
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| Synapse | point of communication at the gap between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle
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| Temporal summation | cumulative effect as a result of repeated synaptic stimulation within a brief time
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| Transmitter-gated channel | ion channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it
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| Transporter | membrane protein responsible for the reuptake of a neurotransmitter after its release
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| Type I (Type A) alcoholism | generally less severe type of alcohol abuse with a gradual onset and only a weak genetic predisposition; occurs about equally in men and women
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| Type II (Type B) alcoholism | severe alcohol abuse with a strong genetic basis and rapid onset early in life; much more common in men
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| Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) | pituitary hormone that raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and therefore to secrete highly concentrated urine
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| Vesicles | tiny, nearly spherical packets near the axon terminals filled with the neurotransmitter
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| THC | chemical found in the leaves of marijuana plants
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