neurophys questions for chiropractic board exam
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| Neuron with resting membrane potential more negative... | Inhibited or hyperpolarized
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| Myelinated Neurons | greater conduction velocity
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| Parasypathetic nervous system activates what receptors in effector organs? | Muscarinic Receptors
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| What is the most common neurotransmitter released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers? | Acetylcholine
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| What receptor is found at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? | Nicotinic Receptors
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| What type of effect can acetylcholine have? | Inhibitory or excitatory depending on the type of receptor activated
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| What is a rapid, but transient change in membrane potential? | Action potential
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| What type of channels do action potentials require? | Sodium and potassium voltage-gated ion channels.
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| Where do sodium and potassium voltage-gated ion channels occur? | At regions of the cell membrane that are electrically excitable.
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| What is threshold? | The point at which voltage-gated channels will open.
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| Graded response is... | subthreshold response
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| Examples of a graded response. | receptor (generator) potentials, pacemaker potentials, postsynaptic membrane potentials, end-plate potentials
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| When a graded potential reaches threshold... | action potential is generated.
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| Variable changes in magnitude of the potential... | graded potential
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| Decrease in magnitude as they move along the cell membrane but can function as signals over a very short distance... | graded potential
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| Graded potential caused by a stimulus... | receptor potential
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| Sensory receptors respond to stimuli from... | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors (pain), chemoreceptors, electromagnetic (vision) receptors.
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| What is the pathway of a graded potential? | graded potential--> Threshold--> Action Potential generated--> Sensory input transmitted to spinal cord and brain.
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| Why are action potentials propagated with out degradation? | It is constantly regenerated all along the membrane.
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| What organ recieves preganglionic sympathetic fibers? | Medulla of the adrenal glands.
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| What do chromaffin cells of the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete? | catecholamines
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| What are catecholamines? | Norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| What part of the brain is involved in the arousal from a deep sleep? | Reticular Formation
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| What is the reticular formation responsible for? | regulating periods of unconsciousness and consciousness.
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| What is the collection of nerve endings around a hair follicle that allows for sensation of the hair being touched called? | Peritricial Plexus
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| What neurotransmitter is associated with the motor end-plate? | Acetylcholine
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| Motor end-plate is associated with? | Skeletal muscles
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| What is the neurotransmitter in the basal ganglion? | dopamine
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| What is the condition of impaired neurotransmitter reception at the motor end-plate | Myasthenia Gravis
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| Responsible for carrying vibration sense, proprioception and complex touch to the upper extremity? | Fasciculus Cuneatus
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| Motor Tract from the cerebellu |
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| Neuron with resting membrane potential more negative... | Inhibited or hyperpolarized
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| Myelinated Neurons | greater conduction velocity
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| Parasypathetic nervous system activates what receptors in effector organs? | Muscarinic Receptors
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| What is the most common neurotransmitter released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers? | Acetylcholine
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| What receptor is found at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? | Nicotinic Receptors
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| What type of effect can acetylcholine have? | Inhibitory or excitatory depending on the type of receptor activated
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| What is a rapid, but transient change in membrane potential? | Action potential
🗑
|
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| What type of channels do action potentials require? | Sodium and potassium voltage-gated ion channels.
🗑
|
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| Where do sodium and potassium voltage-gated ion channels occur? | At regions of the cell membrane that are electrically excitable.
🗑
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| What is threshold? | The point at which voltage-gated channels will open.
🗑
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| Graded response is... | subthreshold response
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| Examples of a graded response. | receptor (generator) potentials, pacemaker potentials, postsynaptic membrane potentials, end-plate potentials
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| When a graded potential reaches threshold... | action potential is generated.
🗑
|
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| Variable changes in magnitude of the potential... | graded potential
🗑
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| Decrease in magnitude as they move along the cell membrane but can function as signals over a very short distance... | graded potential
🗑
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| Graded potential caused by a stimulus... | receptor potential
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| Sensory receptors respond to stimuli from... | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors (pain), chemoreceptors, electromagnetic (vision) receptors.
🗑
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| What is the pathway of a graded potential? | graded potential--> Threshold--> Action Potential generated--> Sensory input transmitted to spinal cord and brain.
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| Why are action potentials propagated with out degradation? | It is constantly regenerated all along the membrane.
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| What organ recieves preganglionic sympathetic fibers? | Medulla of the adrenal glands.
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| What do chromaffin cells of the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete? | catecholamines
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| What are catecholamines? | Norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| What part of the brain is involved in the arousal from a deep sleep? | Reticular Formation
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| What is the reticular formation responsible for? | regulating periods of unconsciousness and consciousness.
🗑
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| What is the collection of nerve endings around a hair follicle that allows for sensation of the hair being touched called? | Peritricial Plexus
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| What neurotransmitter is associated with the motor end-plate? | Acetylcholine
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| Motor end-plate is associated with? | Skeletal muscles
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| What is the neurotransmitter in the basal ganglion? | dopamine
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| What is the condition of impaired neurotransmitter reception at the motor end-plate | Myasthenia Gravis
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| Responsible for carrying vibration sense, proprioception and complex touch to the upper extremity? | Fasciculus Cuneatus
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| Motor Tract from the cerebellum? | rubrospinal tract
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| Responsible for carrying vibration, proprioception and complex touch for the lower extremity? | Fasciculus Gracilus
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| Carries pain and temperature? | anterior spinothalamic tract
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| Increased permeability to chloride causes an influx of cholride into the cell resulting in... | hyperpolarization
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| Mydriasis, pupil dialation is what type of autonomic response? | sympathetic
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| Peristalsis, erection and salivation are what type of autonomic response? | parasympathetic
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| Rapid influx of sodium ions into a cell that is physiologically excitable? | depolarization
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| Two types of depolarization. | Action potential and EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
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| Occurs only if threshold is achieved? | action potential
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| Associated with influx of chloride ions or efflux of potassium ions? | hyperpolarization
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| Characterized by reduced sodium permeablility | refractory period
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| sodium influx | depolarization
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| potassium efflux | repolarization or hyperpolarization
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| calcium influx | release of neurotransmitter vesicles from the terminal bouton of the axon
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| Resting membrane potential | membrane is polarized
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| neurotransmitter responsible for the conversion of chemical energy into bioelectrical energy at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle? | acetylcholine
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| neurotransmitter of autonomic nervous system | norepinephrine
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| serve as neurotransmitters in the CNS | GABA and Histamine
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| refers to peak voltage of an action potential | amplitude
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| Myelination and fiber diameter increase? | speed of propagation
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| Governed by the concentration of intracellular and extracellular ions | Amplitude
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| What causes the repolarization phase of an action potential? | influence of potassium channels
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| Inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS | GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | Epinephrine, Glutamate, Norepinephrine
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| What do drugs that block a voltage-gated Na channel in nerves do? | Won't allow action potential to occur
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| What is necessary for depolarization to happen? | opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
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| Nernst potential for sodium | positive
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| Nernst potential for potassium | negative
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| By preventing sodium entry in cell membrane, no additional action potentials can occur. What is this phase called? | Absolute refractory period
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| Housekeeping cells of the CNS | microglial cells
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| Due to effects of a single synapse firing a rapid succession... | temporal summation
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| Neuron with resting membrane potential that is more negative... | inhibited or hyperpolarized
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| myelinated neurons | greater conduction velocity
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