Neuro Unit II Lecture 5
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| Defn Nociception | Nociception is the recieving of signals in the CNS sent due to tissue damaging stimuli
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| Defn Pain | An unpleasant sensation from a specific region of the body. Does NOT always begin with nociception.
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| What other sensation is closely related to nociception? | itch
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| Some pain does this while other pain serves no real purpose. | Acts as a warning preventing further damage to tissues (burned mouth on hot chocolate.
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| What types of pain serve no real purpose? | inflammatory, neuropathic, surgical
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| What are the receptors affiliated with the ALS in the skin? | Free nerve endings
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| What specific fiber type is stim by sharp objects that pinch or penetrate the skin? What class of nociceptors do they belong to? What don't they like? | Adelta fibers. Mechanical nociceptors. Don't like anything that can break the skin
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| Explain the threshold level for nociceptors | They have a very HIGH threshold
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| What are the two major classes of nociceptors? | Mechanical and Polymodal nociceptors
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| What do polymodal nociceptors respond to? What don't they like? What is special about what stimulates them? | High intensity mechanical stimuli, chemical and thermal. Don't like anything with potential to damage the skin. They have MANY adequate stimuli!!
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| What does Capsaicin do? What fibers does it act on? | causes a painful heat. acts on C fibers
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| What fiber type is associated with polymodal receptors? With mechanical receptors? | C fibers. Adelta
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| C fiber/polymodal receptors can undergo what process? (some Adeltas do too) | sensitization. Stimulation over a long period of time enhances their response to subsequent stimuli
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| True/False: Nociceptors are found within visceral organs | True
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| What is TRPV-1? Where is it expressed? What stimulates it? | An ion channel in some nociceptors (Adelta and C fibers ONLY) that is opened in response to noxious heat (or capsaicin.
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| You hit your finger with a hammer. You get the initial "fast" pain and then a dull "slow" aching pain for the next few days. What fibers mediate which responses? | Fast: Adelta, Slow: C
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| Disease can be causes when children are born without this type of fiber. What stimuli are they insensitive to? | C fibers. Frequently also have autonomic problems. Thermal, and noxious stimuli
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| See drawing for pathway! |
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| Nociceptive primary afferent neurons use what as NTs? What ones does Adelta use? C use? | glutamate and substance P. C uses both, Adelta uses glutamate only
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| What are the receptors that respond to the NTs released by primary nociceptors? What kind of stimulatory affect do the NT's have on the postsynaptic fibers? | AMPA and NMDA. Causes EPSPs!
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| What causes C fibers to secrete Subs P? | Prolonged, high intensity stimulation
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| What is syringomyelia? | Bilateral loss of pain and temp with UNILATERAL compression or transection! Occurs if compression is where 2nd neuron in ALS cross in anterior commissure (such as in central canal swelling)
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| If you get an infarct in the anterior spinal arteries, what senses are affected? | Pain, and temp. ALS is affected due to the proximity of the anterolateral funiculi. Even though Vent. SCT and CCT are there, propr. and touch are spared b/c DCML is ok
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| How does the brain and sc modulate pain signals? What circuits are there? | Pain signals to brain/brainstem from ALS. Circuits descend and inhibit nociceptors: periaquaductal gray matter, and Locus ceruleus
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| Give the pathway for periaquaductal gray matter inhibition of pain. What NT does it use? | Start periaquaductal gray matter -> to nucleus raphae magnus in medulla -> gives off seritonergic neuron running in dorsolateral funiculus to dorsal horn & inhib 2ndary nocicept w/ seritonin
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| Give the pathway for Locus ceruleus inhibition of pain. What NT does it use? | Pons sends neuron through dorsolateral funiculus to dorsal horn -> inhib 2ndary nociceptor with NE
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| Pain inhibition pathways from brainstem can inhib nociceptor signals but not tactile signals. This is cld: | Analgesia
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| what is enkephalin? | Enkephalin is an opioid secreted in response to sim from locus cereulus or periaqu. to inhib pain.
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| How does enkephalin do the presynaptic effect? | It decreases entry of Ca++ into primary nociceptor terminal, decreasing the amt of NT it secretes (less ESPS's)
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| How does enkephalin do the postsynaptic effect? | It acts on K+ channels in the 2ndary nociceptor neuron and causes them to open. Causes a hyperpol in the cell mem, and so it can't produce AP
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