SALT 9th Science - Chp 14
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| particle theory of light | states that light can be pictured as streams of tiny particles emitted by light sources
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| wave theory of light | states that light actually consists of waves rather than particles
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| electromagnetic wave | a dual transverse wave consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field vibrating at right angles to each other.
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| quantum theory of light | states that light has characteristics of both particles and waves
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| light acts like particles when | interacting with matter
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| visible light | electromagnetic waves that our eyes can perceive
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| visible spectrum | (ROY G BV) – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet
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| white | a combination of all the colors of light mixed together is perceived as this
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| black | the absence of all colors of light is perceived as this
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| red | color of visible light with the lowest frequency
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| violet | color of visible light with the highest frequency
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| red, green and blue | the three additive primary colors of light
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| cyan, magenta, and yellow | the three subtractive primary colors of pigment
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| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who taught that pure white light contains no color
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| Heinrich Hertz | German scientist who first studied radio waves in the laboratory
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| Christian Huygens | Dutch scientist who first proposed the wave theory of light
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| James Clerk Maxwell | Scottish scientist who discovered that light consists of electromagnetic waves
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| Isaac Newton | English scientist who discovered that white light is a combination of various other colors and frequencies of light; proposed the particle theory of light in his book Optiks
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| lens | a piece of glass or other substance specifically designed to refract light
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| convex | a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges, causing light rays to be concentrated and objects to appear magnified
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| concave | a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges, causing light rays to be spread out and objects to appear smaller
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| reflection | the bouncing of light rays off a surface so that they continue in a different direction
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| refraction | the bending of light rays when they cross a boundary between two mediums
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| mirage | an example is an illusion of “water” covering a hot highway in the distance in the summer
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| rainbow | a visible spectrum produced in the sky by falling raindrops
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| diffraction | the spreading out of light waves as a result of passing through a narrow gap
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| interference | the mutual reinforcement or cancellation of two light waves
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| iridescence | an array of many colors caused by the interference of light waves, often seen on the surface of soap bubbles and thin films of oil
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| polarized | a beam of light containing wave that all vibrate in the same direction
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| electromagnetic spectrum | an arrangement of all forms of electromagnetic radiation in order of frequency and wavelength
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| radio waves | low-frequency waves widely used for communication
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| microwaves | waves commonly used for radar, satellite communications, and heating food items
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| radar | a device that uses reflected electromagnetic waves to measure the distanced and direction of faraway objects
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| infrared waves | electromagnetic waves sometimes referred to as “heat waves”
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| ultraviolet rays | electromagnetic waves responsible for tanning and sunburn
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| UVA | least dangerous; most “black lights” or UV lamps emit UVA radiation
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| UVB | the type of ultraviolet radiation that causes suntans and sunburn
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| UBC | most powerful and dangerous form of ultraviolet radiation, fortunately it is completely blocked by the “ozone layer”
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| gamma rays | the most powerful and penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
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| photons | light is described as consisting of tiny bundles or “packets” of energy. These travel as electromagnetic waves
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| stimulated emission | the process that occurs when an excited atom is struck by one photon and emits two photons
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| laser | light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
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| monochromatic | light that consists of only one frequency
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| coherent | light in which all the waves are “in step”
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| properties of a laser light | coherent, intense, monochromatic
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| hologram | a three-dimensional image produced by laser light
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| nanometer | one billionth of a meter
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| fiber optics | the technique of transmitting light through narrow glasslike “wires”, used for communications
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| Theodore H. Maiman | American scientist who constructed the first laser
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| Max Planck | German scientist who showed that the energy of an electromagnetic wave is directly related to the wave’s frequency
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| Wilhelm Roentgen | German scientist who discovered X-rays
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| Know these facts about the speed of light in a vacuum | approximately 300,000 kilometers per second, the speed of light is always constant, it is the fastest possible speed in the universe
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| “c” | the speed of light in a vacuum
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| theory of relativity | states that all motion is relative to some reference point and that the speed of light is constant in relation to an observer
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| Albert Einstein | Jewish scientist who predicted stimulated emission and formulated the theory of relativity
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| time dilation | the apparent slowing down of time (from the perspective of an outside observer) for an object traveling at near-light speed
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