Interactions between genes
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| INDEPENDENT GENES Phenotypes and Example | 9:3:3:1
Spotted Horse and Pepper color
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| EPISTASIS (definition) | One gene masks or modifies the expression of the second gene
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| RECESSIVE EPISTASIS Phenotype and Example | 9:3:4
Labrador Retrievers
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| DUPLICATE RECESSIVE EPISTASIS Phenotype and Example | 9:7
Physa Snail color
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| DOMINANT EPISTASIS Phenotype and Example | 12:3:1
Squash color
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| DOMINANT DUPLICATE EPISTASIS Phenotype and Example | 15:1
Dominant chicken color
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| MODIFIER GENES Definition and Example | Genes that interact with and affect the expression of another gene (Modify but do NOT mask)
Cat color and Horse red pigmenting
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| SUPERIMPOSED MINOR GENES Example | Spotting alleles prevent pigments from reaching some hairs
S allele on cats, dogs and horses (more on cats and dogs, less on horses)
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| ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Types of traits and Examples | Sex-influenced and sex-limited traits (male pattern baldness)
Temperature-sensitive traits (Himalayan rabbits and cats)
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| PLEIOTROPY Definition and Examples | A single gene affects multiple traits
White eye mutation in Drosophila affects kidney function
Lethal white foal disease in horses causes white coat and defective digestive system
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| POLYGENIC TRAIT Definition and Examples | A single trait is affected by multiple genes
Eye color in drosophila controlled by 100 different genes
Human height
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| CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE Definition and Example | Phenotype of offspring determined by genes inherited only from the mother (inherit mitochondria from mother)
Leaf color of four o'clock plants
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| MATERNAL EFFECTS Definition and Example | Phenotype of offspring determined by products (mRNAs) from mother's genes
Shell coiling in Limnaea
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| GENOMIC IMPRINTING Definition and Types | Genes whose expression is affected by the sex of the transmitting parent
paternally imprinted=maternally expressed
maternally imprinted=paternally expressed
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| GENOMIC IMPRINTING How? | Results from methylation differences that arise during gametogenesis
Heavy methylation inactivates either maternal or paternal allele (epigenic modification)
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| INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Definintion and Example | All three genotypes have different phenotypes
Chicken color, eggplant color, flower color
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| CO-DOMINANCE Definition and Example | Traits associated with BOTH alleles seen in heterozygote (NOT actually dominance)
MN and ABO blood proteins
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| Number of possible genotypes (Due to multiple alleles) | genotypes=n(n+1)/2
n=number of different alleles at a given locus
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| ALLELE SERIES Definition and Example | Alles taht produce alternative phenotypes can have serial dominance relatinships
C color in rabbits, mice, cats (full-color>part-colored>heat-sensitive>albino)
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| RECESSIVE LETHAL Definition and Examples | Offspring homozygous for lethal allele die
1:2 phenotype, no recessive homozygote
Yellow color in mice and Tail-less cats
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| EARLY LETHAL | One class of offspring in crosses is missing
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| POSTNATAL LETHAL Definition and Example | Incomplete skew in birth ratio
Spotting (Ov gene) in horses
Ratio NOT 1:2:1 or 1:2
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| DOMINANT LETHAL Definition and Example | NO embryonic dominant lethals known because all carriers would die and allele would be lost only detectable if death after reproductive age
Huntington's disease in humans
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| EXPRESSIVITY Definition and Example | Extent to which genotype is expressed in an individual (how much phenotype you see)
Horse or dog spots (how big)
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| PENETRANCE Definition and Example | Percent of individuals with genotype who show phenotype at all (whether or not you see the phenotype)
Polydactyly
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Created by:
kosmorla
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