RA, RV, PA, PCW
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| Comparing a PA waveform to a simultaneous ECG tracing: | Diastole is measured after the QRS complex
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| PA= 36/22, PCW = 10/12/10. What abnormality could cause such a gradient? | COPD
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| For the last hour your patient has been in normal sinus rhythm with a PA pressure of 25/15/18. Now she has frequent PVC's and a pressure reading of 25/0/8. What should you consider the cause? | Swan has pulled back to RV position
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| What indicates the opening of the semilunar valves? | Anacrotic notch
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| PA pressures vary with: | the respiratory cycle
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| What cardiac catheterization waveform would represent pulmonic stenosis? | systolic gradient between PA and RV
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| What is a sign of PA hypertension on the waveform? | late dicrotic notch in PA due to pushing blood against resistance. it takes longer to close the valve.
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| What pressures would you need to see in order to determine constrictive pericarditis | RA and RV
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| What would the pressure tracing in the RV and PA look like with pulmonic stenosis? | RV pressure up, PA pressure, down
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| In pulmonary capillary wedge tracings the: | V- wave is due to atrial filling during ventricular contraction
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| PC wedge pressure is measured during what phase of the respiratory cycle? | end expiratory
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| Under normal conditions PCW pressures should approximate what three other pressures? | LA mean, LV edp, PA diastolic
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| Large V waves in the PCW waveform indicate what valve disorder? | mitral regurgitation
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| Normally the END diastolic gradient between the PA pressure and the PAWP(wedge) is small (1-4mmHg). What two conditions increase this gradient? | COPD and high cardiac output
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| Considering all types of shock, only one results in an elevated wedge pressure: It is: | cardiogenic shock (LV failure)
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| Large "a" waves in the PCW waveform indicate what valve disorder? | mitral stenosis
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| The "M" or "W" sign in the RA waveform is caused by the rapid X and y descents during atrial and ventricular emptying. This is consistent with: cardiac tamponade, normal pressures, constrictive pericarditis, HOCM, RV failure | Constrictive Pericarditis
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| What is likely when you see respiratory respiration where you're not supposed to see it? | tamponade
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| The paradoxical increase in RA pressure during in cases of constrictive pericarditis is called: | Kussmaul's sign (respiratory variation
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| Where is diastolic dip and plateau seen and what does it resemble? | ventricles, a square root sign
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| the characteristic feature of the ventricular pressure waveforms in either restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis is the: | Square root sign or dip and plateau
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| Regarding the timing of RA pressure waves with the ECG tracing: | A-waves follow just after the P wave
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| To measure the RA mean pressure: | Measure the highest and lowest points of the wave and average
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| Normal mean RA pressure should not exceed: | 8mmHg
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| RA= 12/10/8, RV = 24/2/3, PA = 24/14. What abnormality could cause such a gradient? | Tricuspid stenosis
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| Post PTCA your patient's Swan readings are CVP= 28, PA = 40/22, PCW = 28. You should suspect: | Cardiac tamponade
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| The a wave in the RA tracing represents | atrial contraction
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| The V wave in the RA tracing represents | Ventricular contraction during atrial filling
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| Your patient had an RV pressure of 50/2/10 and PA pressures of 20/12. What abnormality could cause such a gradient? | pulmonic stenosis
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| RV failure is identified by: | elevated EDP
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| Kussmal's sign represents: | respiratory variation in the RA because it's being crushed (tamponade)
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| An interventricular gradient is present in | infundibular stenosis
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| What hemodynamic sign is characteristic of pulmonic stenosis? | systolic gradient in PA to RV pullback
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| What hemodynamic sign is representative of restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis? | square root sign in the RV diastolic pressure
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| What are some conditions that can cause RV systolic pressure to be elevated? | COPD, LV Failue, VSD, Primary pulmonary hypertension
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| What would the PCW look like in Mitral stenosis? | high, along with a big diastolic gradient
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| Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy sometimes involves both ventricles. If it affected the RV side of the septum as well, what hemodynamic anomaly would you be looking for? | Intraventricular gradient between RV apex and RV outflow tract
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| Your patient shows the following pressures: PA= 35/20/25; RV = 35/2/15; RA = 23/22/15 | RV failure
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| In a left to right ASD, what is the effect on the RV pressures? they: | increase
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| What can cause the square root sign in an RV tracing? | noncompliant myocardium resisting passive filling
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| In cardiac tamponade the RV free wall collapses due to accumulated fluid in the pericardial space. What is the effect on RV pressure? | RV diastole rises and equalizes with PA diasole
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| Patient developed pulmonary embolus, what hemodynamic finding is most likely? | PAD exceeds wedge pressure
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| Acute septal MI with VSD what hemodynamic finding is most likely? | RV and PA systolic pressures rise
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| When the fluoroscopic C arm is angled into a cardiac view so that the X-rays exit from the patient's left abdominal area, what angiographic view is this? | Caudal LAO
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| Which artery is sometimes seen branching directly from the aorta? The: | Conus
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| Pulseless pt in vtach | deliver an unsynchronized shock
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| Mag sulfate - recommended dose: | 1 to 2 g diluted in 10ml slow iv push
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