University of Montana - Range Management Test 1
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| Range management is the manipulation of rangeland components to produce livestock products for society on a sustained basis. | False
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| Herbivory is the essential process that characterizes rangelands. | True
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| Range management decision-making should be based only on biological science and technological considerations. | False
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| Livestock were not found in the western US until the mid 1800's. | False
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| The Sagebrush Rebellion was a movement to eliminate grazing from public lands. | False
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| There are more sheep in Montana than people. | False
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| Infiltration is the term for water movement through the soil profile. | False
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| Drought is a prolonged period where rainfall is less than 75% of the average precipitation. | True
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| Droughts are important in the development of rangelands, but are rare events on semi-arid rangelands. | False
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| Structure is used to define the size of soil mineral particles. | False
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| The orographic effect refers to how elevation alters rainfall distribution. | True
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| In "Rangelands of the Great Plains before European Settlement" it is argued that livestock grazing is the major cause for changes in the Great Plains. | False
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| Aldo Leupold is considered the Father of Rang Management. | False
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| The science and art of range originated in the mid 1800's. | False - Early 1900's
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| Rangeland types of the world have different variations in biota associated with variations in climate, soils, and human influences. | True
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| Soil pH refers to the amount of salts in the soil. | False -- pH stands for percent Hydrogen.
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| Where in the world has desertification been the biggest problem? | Africa
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| Soil (and therefore vegetation) is often thought to be related to 5 factors (soil forming factors). Provide the formula and define (not just abbreviations) the 5 factors. | SF = Cl, Organisms present, Relief, Time, Parent Material.
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| What is the most serious consequence of rangeland mis-management (overgrazing)? | Soil errosion
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| Which soil texture type would most favor shrubs in arid areas of the world? | Sands
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| What was the trend in the condition of federal rangelands in the U.S. during the last 40 years? | They have improved in range condition.
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| Which grazing factor has the most effect on how range plants will respond to grazing? | intensity
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| Which of the following are factors in increasing grazing resistance? | Higher proportion of culmless shoots.
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| Which of the following are potential growth promoting features of herbivory? | Increased photosynthesis.
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| Which laws had a positive influence on range management? | Forest Reserve Act, Taylor Grazing Act, Soil Erosion Act, and NEPA
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| Which laws had a negative influence on range management? | Homestead Act, Enlarged Homestead Act, Stockraising Homestead Act
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| What is NEPA? | National Environmental Policy Act -- This led to the requirements of state and federal governments to provide envirnmental impact statements on actions that would affect state and federal lands.
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| What involves the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment? | Ecology (define it)
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| How is the precipitation effectiveness ratio defined? | evaporation / precipitation
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| What was the Taylor Grazing Act? | It allocated grazing privileges on unsold government lands in the West on the basis of the rancher's ability to provide water or hay (depending on area of the country).
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| What does multiple use refer to? | It refers to the harmonious use of the native rangeland for more than one purpose such as livestock, recreation, wildlife, and water production.
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| What is the most important single factor determining type and productivity of rangeland vegetation? | Climate (Rainfall ppt)
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| What is the basic unit of grass and what does it consist of? | A phytomer consists of a node, internode, axillary bud, and a leaf.
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| What are the soil elements that are most often deficient for plant growth? | Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
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| What is grazing resistance? Explain mechanisms used by plants to be more grazing resistant? | A term defining ability of a plant to survive in a grazing ecosystem. Grazing resistance is a result of either avoidance (mechanisms reducing probability of grazing) or tolerance (mechanisms that increase growth following grazing).
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| What are the types of avoidance mechanisms that plants use to avoid being grazed in rangeland environments? | Morphological characteristics -- spines, angled leaves, silica bodies, and C4.
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| What are the types of tolerance mechanisms that plants use to avoid being grazed in rangeland environments? | Morphological characteristics -- LAP, Function of meristematic activity (most rapid from intercalory meristems.)
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| There are a number of challenges facing range managers today. For ex, we need to preserve threatened and endangered species and also consider the expansion of rangeland products (food and fiber, recreation, wildlife, water and aesthetics). List 4. | Preserve open space.
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| Explain the theory of the "Tragedy of the Commons". | The Tragedy of the Commons is the theroy of no one owns the land there will be no control and therefore use is uncontrolled. A person will use the resource, and make a gain, but penalize all. If he did not exploit this than others would.
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| Is the theory of the "Tragedy of the Commons" applicable to all "commons" (explain)? | This theory is not applicable to all commons because their can be group control with norms and laws.
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