pulmonary system
Help!
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| dyspnea | difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
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| cyanosis | bluish tint to the skin; characterized as either peripheral or central; caused by insufficient oxygenation of the blood
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| stridor | raspy sound upon inspiration, usually indicative of a partially obstructed airway; usually detectable without auscultation
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| atelectasis | complete removal of air of a segment of lung tissue
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| Pneumothorax | air or gas in the pleural space causing widespread collapse of the alveoli
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| Anaphylactic shock | A severe and rapid systemic allergic reaction to an allergen, constricting the trachea and preventing breathing
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| COPDs | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed
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| anoxia | lack of oxygen
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| coryza | “common cold” or rhinitis; accompanied by nasal drainage, sore throat, sneezing, sinusitis
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| URI | Upper respiratory infection, such as sinusitis or the common cold.
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| incubation | time interval between infection and appearance of symptoms
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| adventitious sounds | abnormal auscultatory sounds heard over the lung
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| hyperpnea | rapid ventilation rate
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| PEF | A test used to measure how fast air can be exhaled from the lungs
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| rales | also called crackles; abnormal auscultation of a series of distinct pops during inspiration
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| stridor | raspy sound upon inspiration, usually indicative of a partially obstructed airway; usually detectable without auscultation
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| croup | high, resonant cough, often described as “barking,” accompanied by loud, labored breathing, usually associated with laryngeal obstruction
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| friction rub | audible medical sign used in the diagnosis of pericarditis. Upon auscultation, this sign is an extra heart sound of to-and-fro character, typically with three components, one systolic and two diastolic. It resembles the sound of squeaky leather and often
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| bronchophony | abnormal auscultation; spoken souds are clearly heard
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| vesicular breath sounds | major normal breath sound and is heard over most of the lungs
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| tachypnea | rapid and shallow respirations
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| hyperpnea | rapid and deep respirations
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| bradypnea | slow respirations
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| apnea | period of no breathing
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| cheyne-stokes | alternate hyperpnea and apnea
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| dyspnea | difficulty breathing
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| orthopnea | difficulty breathing laying down
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| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) | ???
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| fremitis | feel vibration of what patient is saying by using the side of your hand and placing it on various spots of the back
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| percussion | tap over your own DIP joint, compare over various spots of the back
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| rales (crackles) | hearing air going through secretions
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| wheezing | restriction of airflow (asthma)
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| bronchophony | louder voice sounds
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| egophony | have individual say E, if over an area of consolidation you will hear "A" and it will sound nasal
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| Whispered Pectoriloquy | louder voice sounds
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| extrinsic ashtma | chronic, allergy driven
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| intrinsic asthma | exercise inidcated aka bronchial spasms
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| asthma is a disease of__ | chronic inflamation
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| respirations: 12-15/min at a depth of __ | 500 ml
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| 2 factors affecting mechanism of breathing | lung comliance and airway resistance
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| 3 accessory breathing muscles | sternocleidomastoid, abdominals, scalenes
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| anterior ausculation points of chest | apex of lung 2-4 cm above clavicle, base of lung 6th - 8th rib
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| posterior ausculation points | apex at c7, base at t-12 with inspiration
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| bronchodilator | rescue inhaler
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| hyperventilation causes __ loss | water and heat loss
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| what environment is best for asthma | warm mmoist air
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| best breathing for asthma | nose breathing
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| vocal cord dysfunction | innapropriate closure of vocal cords upon inspiration
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| vcd is often miss diagnosed as asthma. adventitious sounds are heard ___ rather than chest wasll | over throat
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| Exercise Induced Anaphylaxis | abnormal immune response to exercise. Release of histamine ==> vasodilation
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| EIA caused by what | intense exercise, warm enviornment, food before exercise, meds
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| what is usually a part of an eating disorder | unhealthy exercise
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| aesthetic sports | judged "lean" sports
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| athlete must have BMI of at least __ to return to play | 18.5, preferably 19
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| parasthesia | altered perception of tactile sensation
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| ___ is a a good test of peripheral nerve and spinal integrity | sensation to light touch
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| cerebral palsy (cp) | anoxic, metabolic or ischemic brain injury aquired during birth
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| seizure | sudden electrochemical discharge in the brain
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| partial (petit mal or absence seizure) | brief loss of cog awareness and may lose postrual control, seconds long, may not realize they had seizure
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| generalized (grand mal or tonic-clonic seizure) | sudden, complete loss of consciousness and postural control
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| tonic phase | extreme postural rigidity
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| clonic phase | convulsive contractions
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| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | intermittent inflammation (plaques) in the CNS causing demyelination of surrounding neurons eventually causing irreversible neuronal degeneration
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| Peripheral Neuropathy | generic term to describe disorders of the nerve fiber
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| ENT disorders ..refer when fever >__ for 24 hours or sore throat for > __ days | 101, 2
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| meningeal signs | neck mobility, brudzinski's sign, kernig's sign
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| Viral congestion | fever, sore throat, no ocular symptoms, 7-10 days, onset not predictable, yellow/green mucus
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| Allergic Congestion | fatigue, no fever, itchy throat, itchy, tearing eyes, cluster sneezing, predictable, clear mucus
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| thrush | white patches that scape of/bleed from oral yeast infection, normal in infants but not in adults
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| leukoplakia | white spots that are pre-cancerous, do not scrape off, associated with tobacco
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| Conductive phase of hearing | external ear through middle ear, disorder here means conductive hearing loss
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| Sensorineural phase of hearing | involves cochlea and cochlear nerve, disorder here means sensorineural hearing loss
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| Weber test | test for hearing loss,tuning fork tapped against vertex of head normal = sound heard equally both ears. conduction hearing loss = heard in impaired ear. sensorineural loss = heard in normal ear
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| Rinne Test | hearing loss test, tuning force tapped against mastoid process and then put it by ear count the seconds when the sound is no longer heard. normal = air conducted is 2x> bone conducted. conduction loss: Bc > ac or bc=ac. sesorineural loss: ac>bc
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| normal color of tympanic membrane | pearly grey
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| bacterial conjunctivitis | green drainage
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| viral conjunctivitis | watery drainage
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| chronic pulmonary diseases can be classified as either __ or __ | obstructive (limit air flow) or restrictive (limit physical lung expansion)
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| boyle's law | relation between the volume and the pressure of a gas is constant, as volume increases, pressure decreases, and vice versa
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| when thorax expands, negative pressure in interpleural space expands the lungs by | keeping the lungs close to the wall of the thorax
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| as the pressure inside the thorax falls below atmostpheric pressure, the lungs___ | draw air in
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| orthopnea | dyspnea produced by the supine position. (sign of fluid shift into the lungs, enlarged abdominal organs pushing on the diaphragm, or left side heart failure
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| purulent sputum | contains pus, suggests lower respiratory infection
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| pleurisy | pleural pain resulting from inflammation of the parietal pleura
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| pectus excavatum | hollow chest
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| pectus carinatum | bird chest
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| crepitus | subcutaneous grinding sensation, which indicates air leaking into the subcutaneous tissue
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| fremitus | subtle vibration with breathing suggesting pulmonary or pleural edema
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| percussion | can help identify tissues as fluid filled, air filled, or solid
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| hyperresonance | percussion creating a sound like a tympanic drum, indicates an abonormal air space in the thorax, as oiccurs with pneumothorax
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| which phase of breathing is louder | expiratory
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| normal breath sounds | wind rushing through a metallic tube
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| vesicular breath sounds | rustling leaves and lower pitch heard over most of thorax with inspiratory phase more prominent
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| bronchovesicular sounds | similar to vesicular upon inspiration and similar to bronchial sounds upon expiration
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| bronchial breath sounds | bronchial sounds more muffled than normal breath sounds
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| bronchophony | clearly heard spoken sounds
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| whispered pectoriloquy | whispered sounds
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| egophony | high pitched but intelligible spoken
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| adventitious sounds | heard in addition to normal breath sounds (rales, rhonci, stridor, etc)
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| rhonchi | continuous rumbling sounds auscultated during inspiration and expeiration indicating an incomplete obstruction of bronchi or lower trachea producing turbulent air
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| child breathing rate | 20 bpm
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| hyperventilation | increase in breathing rate w.out increase in depth
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| spirometer | instrument used to measure lung volumes during ventilation
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| for persons with mod to severe asthma, a PEF less than 80 percent indicates__ | impending acute broncospasm (asthma attack)
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| flail chest | results from multiple ant. or post. rib fractures creating a free floating segment of ribcage
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| asthma | chronic abonormal autonomic response of the bronchial muscles that produces intermittent acute bronchospasm, partial airway obstruction, and chronic bronchial inflammation and edama
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| 3 major types of inhalers | metered dose (mdi), dry powder (dpi), and breath actuated MDIs
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| bronchodilator | used for as needed basis for asthma
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| managment of acute asthma attack | person should sit, take deep breaths, exale through pused lips, which increases pressure through the airway, use bronchodilator if prescribed, one pufff followed by a second dose five minutes later
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| exercise induced bronchospasm | occurs 5 to 10 minures into an exercise session
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| Exercise-9induced Anaphlaxis | abnormal immune response to vigorous physical activity. widespread release to histamine, an inflammatory chemical that causes vasodilation throughout the body
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| Acute bronchitis | result of infection or chemical irritant that produces an inflammatory response. viral infection is most common cause
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| tx for acute bronchitis | cough suppressants, rest, hydration
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| chronic bronchitis | prolonged or repeated exposure to irritants that inflame the bronchial mucous membranes
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| emphysema | complication of chronic pulmonary disease and prolonged smoking. chronic inflammatory reaction to chemicals in smoke that destroy the alveolar walls, cappilaries, and lung elasticity, and decreases the lung area that is availble for gas exchange
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| coryza | common cold
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| antihistamines are effective in treating the ___ of common cold | runny nose and sneezing
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| neck rule | symptoms above neck (runny nose, sore throat, no vever) may return to activity. below the neck (cough, aches, fever) should not exercise until 24 hours after symptoms are gone`
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| influenza A | most commonly associated w/ large seasonal outbreaks of flu
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| incubation | time between infection and appearance of symptoms
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| cystic fibrosis (CF) | genetic abmormality that affects the exocrine glands of respiratory system, pancreas, and intestines. Thick secretinos from these glands block the airway which tend to become infected
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| Pertussis | whooping cough. bacteria release toxin which impairs funciton of cilia. secretions are not removed from airway and patient begins to cough violently in effor to expel mucus from bronchial tree
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| hepatic- biliary system | liver and gallbladder
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| 2 functional segmetns of pancreas | endocrine pancreas (secretes hormones that regulate blood carbohydrate levels) and exocrine pancreas (secrete several enzymes important to digestinon
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| emesis | nausea and vomiting
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| nausea and vommiting occur when __ | nerve endings in the upper GI are irritated by chemical, mechanical, or autonomic stimuli
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| hematemesis | blood in vomitus
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| colic | progressive cycles of intenese cramping - type pain
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| peritonitis | acute, localized constant pain indicates inflammation of the parietal peritoneum
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| rigidity | protective spasm of the muscles of the abdominal wall caused by pain from injury, internal bleeding, or disease in the abdominal organs
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| prandial | stomach pain while eating
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| postprandial | stomach pain after eating
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| diarrhea leads to__ | dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and shock
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| constipation | retention of feces as a result of hardened (dehydrated) stool or decreased bowl motility
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| melena | black stools with tar- like consistency
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| icterus | jaundice, yellow discoloration of skin eyes and mucous membranes that occurs when high bilirubin levesl in the blood
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| mcburney's point | appendix pain half distance between asis and umbilicus
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| gallbladder pain may begin as __ | sensation of heartburn
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| pancreatic pain | epigasttric pain reffering to middle or lower back
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| spleen | abodominal organ that filters abnormal red blood cells and funtions as part of the immune system
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| spleen pain | LUQ and left shoulder
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| Kehr's sign | referred pain fromt he spleen to the left shoulder
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| ascites | escess peritoneal fluid indicated by an abnormally protruding abdomen
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| Rebound tenderness test | depres abdomen and quickly release. pain produced suggests peritonitis
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| jar test or markle's sign | person stands on his or her toes then drops flat to heels, sharp increase in abodminal pain is positive for peritonitis
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| measruing dehydration | bp and hr in supione and standing . when moving from supine to standing it is normal for bp to decrease by 20 pts and pulse to increase by 20 pts. more than that means dyhdration
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| viral gastroenteritis | stomach flu which causes severe vomit diarrhea and abdominal spasms
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| dyspepsia | indigetison or heart burn,
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| gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) | occurs when esophageal sphincter, controlling flow of food from esophagus into stomach, malfunctions after ingestoin of certain tyepes of foods, meds, or drugs. symptoms are produced by acid from stomach entering the esophagus -is thinner then stomach
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| herniation | abnormal protrusion of organ through surrounding tissue
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| hiatial herniation | protrusion of part of proximal stomach through diaphragm and into thorax
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| peptic ulcer | occurs when gastric juices digest the submucosal layer of somach or duodenum
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| gastritis | describes stomach inflammation resulting from a disease causing erosion of the entire mucosa, chronic use of NSAIDS or autoimmune disease
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| inflammatory bowel diseases | smal intestine and colon initiate and immune reaction against their own cells
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| irritable bowel syndrome | reaction to stress and poor diet, affects motility of intestines
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| hemorrhoids | "piles" veins in the rectum or anus that become dilated
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| hepatitis | inflamattion of liver due to viral infection or liver toxicitity. inflammation response affects liver function
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| cirrhosis | result of combined effects of chronic liver disease and malnutition that irreversibly damages liver cells
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| gallstones and gallbladder disease | produce intermmittent RUQ pain that worsens after meals that include fatty food
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| cholecytitis | gall bladder disease; results when gallstones block cystic duct
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| pancreatitis | pancreatic enzymes become active within the pancreas rather than the duodenum
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| diplopia | double vision
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| photophobia | sensitivity to light (corneal abrasions)
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| ptosis | drooping of the eye lid
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| anisocoria | unequal pupils (diferences greater than .5 mm)
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| curtain over vision | retinal detatchment
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| tinnitus | sensation of ringing in the ears
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| coryza | clear watery drainage from nose
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| subconjuntival hemorrhage | bleeding under conjunctiva
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| hyphema | direct blow to globe, bleeding in ant. chamber
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| pancreatic pain | epigasttric pain reffering to middle or lower back
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| spleen | abodominal organ that filters abnormal red blood cells and funtions as part of the immune system
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| spleen pain | LUQ and left shoulder
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| Kehr's sign | referred pain fromt he spleen to the left shoulder
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| ascites | escess peritoneal fluid indicated by an abnormally protruding abdomen
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| Rebound tenderness test | depres abdomen and quickly release. pain produced suggests peritonitis
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| jar test or markle's sign | person stands on his or her toes then drops flat to heels, sharp increase in abodminal pain is positive for peritonitis
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| measruing dehydration | bp and hr in supione and standing . when moving from supine to standing it is normal for bp to decrease by 20 pts and pulse to increase by 20 pts. more than that means dyhdration
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| viral gastroenteritis | stomach flu which causes severe vomit diarrhea and abdominal spasms
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| dyspepsia | indigetison or heart burn,
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| gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) | occurs when esophageal sphincter, controlling flow of food from esophagus into stomach, malfunctions after ingestoin of certain tyepes of foods, meds, or drugs. symptoms are produced by acid from stomach entering the esophagus -is thinner then stomach
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| herniation | abnormal protrusion of organ through surrounding tissue
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| hiatial herniation | protrusion of part of proximal stomach through diaphragm and into thorax
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| peptic ulcer | occurs when gastric juices digest the submucosal layer of somach or duodenum
🗑
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| gastritis | describes stomach inflammation resulting from a disease causing erosion of the entire mucosa, chronic use of NSAIDS or autoimmune disease
🗑
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| inflammatory bowel diseases | smal intestine and colon initiate and immune reaction against their own cells
🗑
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| irritable bowel syndrome | reaction to stress and poor diet, affects motility of intestines
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| hemorrhoids | "piles" veins in the rectum or anus that become dilated
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| hepatitis | inflamattion of liver due to viral infection or liver toxicitity. inflammation response affects liver function
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| cirrhosis | result of combined effects of chronic liver disease and malnutition that irreversibly damages liver cells
🗑
|
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| gallstones and gallbladder disease | produce intermmittent RUQ pain that worsens after meals that include fatty food
🗑
|
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| cholecytitis | gall bladder disease; results when gallstones block cystic duct
🗑
|
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| pancreatitis | pancreatic enzymes become active within the pancreas rather than the duodenum
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| diplopia | double vision
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| photophobia | sensitivity to light (corneal abrasions)
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| ptosis | drooping of the eye lid
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| anisocoria | unequal pupils (diferences greater than .5 mm)
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| curtain over vision | retinal detatchment
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| tinnitus | sensation of ringing in the ears
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| coryza | clear watery drainage from nose
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| subconjuntival hemorrhage | bleeding under conjunctiva
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| hyphema | direct blow to globe, bleeding in ant. chamber
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| stye | infection of an eyelid duct or follicle
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| glaucoma | eye disease that is caused by optic nerve damage secondary to increased intraocular presure
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| auricular hematoma | repeated trauma or frictino to ear
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| tympanic membrane rupture | sudden changes in pressure within ear or insertion of foregin objects
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| otitis externa | frequent exposure to water, that flushes out wax and cause infection in external ear canal
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| otitis media | infection to middle ear and often follows upper respiratory infection
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| kernig test | head raised, burning or shooting pain in spine is positive
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| brudzinski | SLR, flex knee, ankle dorisflex will reproduce symptoms
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| RSD (Reflex sympathetic dystrophy) | occurs in distal extremities when CNS produces contionus sympathetic stimulation of that limb
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| amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS lou gehrigs diseas) | degenerates nerve fibers and neurons and progresses from distal to proximal. weakness appears in hands and arms first, then tics develop, then dysphagia
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| poliomyelitis | poliovirus destroys motor neurons in antierior spinal cord
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| peripheral neuropathy | catch all term describing many disorders of the nerve fiber
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| guillain-barre syndrome | autoimmune response to viral infection affecting many nerves, symmetric weakness in both letgs, progresses to arms, loss of deep tendon reflex
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| myasthenia gravis (MG) | autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular junction where motor nuron connects to muscle fibers. destorys postsynaptic acetycholine recepors.
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| muscular dystrophy (MD) | genetic diosrders that affect muscle fiber structure. muscle fibers degenerate and replaced with non contractile c.t.
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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