A&P.autoear.ch15.16
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| somatic motor neurons | 1. one cell body in CNS - 2. axon extends from CNS to skeletal muscle
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| Autonomic nervous systems | TWo neurons - extending between CNS and the organs
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| first neurons in autonomic nervous system | preganglionic neurons
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| where are cell bodies of the ANS neurons? | in CNS within either the brainstem or the spinal cord
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| autonomic ganglia | contain cell bodies of the 2nd naurons of the series - visceral ganglia
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| postganglionic neurons | distal to or beyond a ganglion; referring to the unmyelinated nerve fibers originating from cells in an autonomic ganglion
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| what is effect of somatic motor neurons on skeletal muscle? | always excitatory
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| what is effect of ANS on target tissues? | can be excitatory or inhibitory
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| how are sensory neurons classified? | they are neither somatic or autonomic - they propagatea action potentials from sensory receptor to the CNS - provide information for reflexes mediated through the somatic nervous system
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| the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into two parts: | the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions; also the enteric nervous system
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| what is another name for the sympathetic division? | thoracolumbar division
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| where are cell bodies of sympathetic division located? | cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are 1) lateral horns 2) of gray matter 3. between first thoracic (T1) and 4) second lumbar (L2) segments
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| sympathetic cells | first & second - T & L
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| sympathetic chain ganglia | they are connected to one another; they form chains;
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| paravertebral ganglia | (same as sympathetic chain ganglia) located along both sides of the vertebral column
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| parasympathetic division is somethings called | craniosacral division
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| Parasympathetic the "P" | remember what it looks like - the cranial
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| what parts of ear are involved only in hearing? | external ear and middle ear
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| what parts of ear are involved in hearing and balance? | inner ear
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| parts of the external ear | Auricle and external acoutsitc meatus - terminates medially at the eardrum (the tympanic membrane)
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| middle ear | 1) air filled apces 2. within petrous portion of temporal bone (which is a separate ossification center in the fetus)3. contains auditory ossicles
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| inner ear | contains sensory organs for hearing and balance; consists of interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels and chamgers within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
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| External ear - auricle | 1. also called "pinna" - fleshy part of extenal ear - collects sound & sends to external acoustic meatus
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| external acoustic meatus | 1. lined with hairs 2. ceruminous glands (from "cera" L. wax) 3. cerumen - modified sebum commonly called earwax
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| tympanic membrane | 1. eardrum 2. thin, semitransparent, nearly oval, three-layered membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
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| middle ear | 1. air-filled cavity (under pressure-remember the babies crying as plane lands) 2. two openings provide air passages from the middle ear
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| what are the two openings? | 1.) Mastoid air cells in the mastoid process of the temporal bone 2.) called the auditory, pharyngotympanic or eustachian tube - opens into the pharynx and equalizes air pressure between the outside air and the eardrum
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| what can be done to open tube? | swallow, yawn, chewing
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| middle ear contains three auditory ossicles | malleus, incus & stapes which transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
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| oval window | handled of malleus attached to inner surface of tympanic membrane
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| annular ligament | foot plate of stapes fits into the oval window & is held in place by this ligament
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| very small synovial joint | 1. hyaline or fibrocartilage 2. joint cavity with synovial fluid 3. free movement possible
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| bony labyrinth | tunnels and chambers inside the temporal bone; lined with endosteum
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| otosclerosis | spongy bone grows over the oval window & immobilized the stapes-stapes replaced by small rod
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| tinnitus | noises such as ringing, clicking; disorders
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| motion sickness | nausea, weakness caused by stimulation of the semicircular canals during motion -
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| otitis media | middle ear infections
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| meniere's disease | vertigo, nausea, progressive hearing loss due to hydrops of the endolympatic duct - labyrinthine vertigo [hydrops = ascites - excessive water accumulation]
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