WVSOM -- Pharm Word List
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| Absorption | uptake of substances into or across tissues
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| Active Secretion |
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| Affinity | the attraction of a particular class of receptor to a drug, at a level sufficient to give an observable reaction.
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| Agonist | a medication that has an affinity for and stimulates the activity of cell receptors that are normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances
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| Antagonist | a drug that counteracts, blocks, or abolishes the action of another drug
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| Autoinduction |
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| Bioavailability | is used to describe the fraction of an administered does of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
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| Bioequivalence | used to assess the expected in vivo biological equivalence of two proprietary preparations of a drug. If two products aer said to be bioequivalent it means that they would be expected to be the same
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| Biotransformation | chemical alteration of a substance within the body, as by the action of enzymes
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| Blood-Brain Barrier | a physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries so that some substances, such as certain drugs, are prevented from entering brain tissue, while others enter freely
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| Clearance | removal by the kidneys of a substance from blood plasma
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| Competitive Reversible Antagonism |
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| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid
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| Cytochrome P-450 | superfamily of heme-containing enzymes-CYPs of the ETC. Have multiple activities including activation of molecular O2 for incorporation into unactivated hydrocarbons, xenobiotic metabolism, bioremediation and breakdown of drugs and toxins
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| DEA | Drug Enforcement Agency
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| Distribution | location of medications in various organs and tissues after administration
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| Excipients | all the constituents of a remedy that lack medicinal properties
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| LD50 | Median lethal dose. Dose that will kill 50% of the tested group.
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| ED50, | median effective does
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| TD50, | median toxic dose
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| Emax | maximal effect
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| Dose: | the quantity to be administered at one time, as a specified amount of medication or a given quantity of radiation
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| Dose Response Curve | relationship between the dose level to an external stimulus or a drug and the response of an organism
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| Dose-dependent Kinetics |
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| Drug: | any chemical that affects living systems
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| Drug Interaction | pharmacological result, either desirable or undesirable, of drugs interacting with themselves or with other drugs
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| Drug Product | preparations of formulations. Pills, tablets, capsules
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| Drug Selectivity | capacity to produce a single effect
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| Drug Substance | active ingredient
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| Efficacy – Intrinsic Activity | the largest response or maximal effect a drug can produce
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| Enteral | within or by way of the intestine
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| Excretion | final elimination of a drug or other compound from circulation
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| Extraction Ratio | the fraction of a substance removed form blood flowing thru the kidney, calculated using the ratio of the concentrations of the substance in arterial and renal venous plasma
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| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | us agency that oversees the regulation of biotechnology, food, supplemens, drug products and cosmetics
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| First Pass Drug |
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| First Pass Effect |
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| Glomerular Filtration | renal process whereby fluid in the blood is filtered across the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the urinary space of Bowman’s Capsule
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| Graded Dose Response |
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| Half-life | tiem required for half the quantity of a drug or other substance deposited in a living organism to be metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes.
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| Hypersensitivity | a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance
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| Idiosyncracy | an abnormal susceptibility to an agent
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| Induction | act or process of inducing or causing to occur
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| Investigational New Drug Application (IND) |
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| IRB | an organizational committee that reviews and approves biomedical research that uses humans as subjects
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| Margin of Safety | amount between a therapeutic does and a lethal dose of a drug
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| Metabolic Activation |
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| New Drug Application (NDA) | submitted to FDA for drug approval after clinical trials. FDA evaluates whetehre the drug is safe and effective, proposed labeling, and controls are adequate enough
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| Non-Competitive Antagonism | binds to a site distinct from agonist. Primarily affects efficacy
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| OTC | Over the counter ; non-prescription drugs ; deemed safe without medical supervision
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| Parenteral | adminsitration outside the alimentary canal. By injection through some other rout as subcutaneous, intramuscular etc.
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| Partial Agonist | a drug that combines with teh relevant receptor but not with teh efficiency of the agonist
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| Partition Coefficient | ratio of concentrations of a compound in the two phases of a mixtrue of two solvents at equilibrium
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| Pharmacodynamics | actions of the drug on the body
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| Pharmacokinetics | actions of the body on the drug. Aka absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
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| Pharmacological Antagonism | the relationship between drugs in which an anatagonist inhibits the activity of an agonist by reacting with the receptor or other part of the effector mechanism.
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| Physiological or Functional Antagonism | a situation in which two agonists interact with different receptors and produce opposing effects
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| Placebo | a substance containing no medication and prescribed or given to reinforce a patient’s expectation to get well
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| Post-Marketing Surveillance | practice of monitoring a pharmaceutical drug or device after it has been released on the market
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| Potency | related to the amount of a drug needed to produce a given intensity or effect
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| Potentiation | enhancement of one agent by another so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects of each one alone
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| Quantal Dose Response |
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| Receptor | a molecular structure in a cell or on the surface of a cell that allows binding of a specific substance that cauases a specific physiologic response
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| Risk-Benefit Ratio | consideration of whether a medical or surgical procedure is worth the risk to the patient as compared with the possible benefits if the procedure is succesful
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| Schedule Drug (Controlled) |
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| Side Effect | a consequence other than that for which an agent is used, especially an adverse effect on another organ system
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| Spare Receptors | an excess of receptors exists at some sites
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| Synergism | joint action of agents so that their comined effect is greater than the algebraic sum of their individual parts
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| Tachyphylaxis | rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses
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| Therapeutic Index | LD50/ED50 – Higher ratio = more safe/less toxic. 20 or more relatively safe
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| Therapeutic Window | well-defined range of a drug’s serum concentration at which a desired effect occurs, below which there is little effect, above which toxicity occurs
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| Tolerance | decrease in susceptibility to the effects of a drug due to its continued administration
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| Topical | of or pertaining to a drug or treatment applied to the surface of a part of the body
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| Toxicity | the ability of a drug or poison to produce harm, especially cause permanent injury or death
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| Volume of Distribution | the calculated body space available for distribution of a drug
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