Nerves
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| Anatomically divides into two parts, CNS, PNS | Nerve
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| comprises the brain, spinal cord | Central Nervous system
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| consists of all other nervous tissue | Peripheral nervous system
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| Divides into two groups somatic and autonomic | Nerve function
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| Voluntary, conscious control | Somatic
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| Involuntary | Autonomic
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| Consists of cells and cell process | histologically
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| Neuronal cell bodies and processes, glial cells and process, myelin sheath | Histological demonstration of nerves
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| consists of cell body (perikaryon) that contains the nucleus and one or more process(axon and dendrites) | Neurons
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| vary in shape 4-135 microns | Neurons
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| contains predominently euchromatin and a very prominent nucleolus | nucleus
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| known as tigroid substance or chromidal substance | Nissl substance
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| basophilic material in the cytoplasm of the neuron | Nissl substance
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| Large aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum w/ the RNA content providing the basis for demonstration by staining | Nissl substance
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| Disappears when a neuron is injured, is useful in assessing neuronal damage | Nissl substance
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| two types, axons and dedrites | Nerve cell processes
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| usually short, highly branched and function as the major sites of information input for the neuron | Dendrites - nerve cell processes
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| referred to as nerve fibers, and function by carrying nerve impulses over long distances | Axons
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| Each neuron has a single axon that originates from a cone shaped eleveation of cell body and that terminates on the dendrites or cell body of other neurons (synapse) | Nerve cell processes
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| provide supporting network for cns | Neuroglia
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| produce the myelin sheath covering many axons | Neuroglia
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| Regulates the neuronal micro enviroment | Neuroglia
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| Oligodendroglia, astroglia, microgia, enpendymal cells | Glial cells
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| small cells that produce and maintain the myelin sheath surronding many axons | oligodendroglia
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| found in the gray matter (primarily nerve cell bodies) and white matter (primarily nerve fibers) | oligondendroglia
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| rarely are special stains reqested to demonstrate these cells | oligodendroglia
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| stellate cells of two types, Protoplasmic and Fibrous | Astrocytes
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| protoplasmic - occur in gray matter | Astrocytes
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| fibrous - occur in white matter | Astrocytes
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| Functions include exchange of fluids, gasses and metabolites among nerve tissue, blood and cerebrospinal fluid, scar formation when injury or trauma occurs to the CNS and provides support for nerve fiber tracts | Astrocytes
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| Special stains have been replaced by immunohistochemistry | Astrocytes
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| Fixed phagocytic cells found throughout the brain and spinal cord | microglia
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| special stains rarely requested except for research | microglia
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| true epithelial cells that line the ventricals and spinal cords | ependymal cells
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| form a selective barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the nerve tissue | ependymal cells
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| is a complex white fatty nonliving material containing protein, cholestrol, phospholipids and cerebrosides | Myelin
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| largely lost during processing, except neurokeratin | Myelin
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| formed by oliodendroglia in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS | myelin Sheath
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| in response to injury or disease that break down myelin a simple lipd that becomes increasing sudanophilic is formed. luxol fast blue and iron hematoxylin are used to demonstrated the myelin sheath | Myelin
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| Purpose - identification of nuerons in tissue sections or the demonstration of the loss of Nissl Substance (chromatolysis) | Cresyl Echt Violet (Vacca)
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| Principal - Staining is restricted to DNA and RNA containing structures | Cresyl Echt Violet (VAcca)
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| Section 6-8 microns | Cresyl Echt violet (vacca)
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| Control - spinal cord | Cresyl Echt Violet (Vacca)
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| microscopically, sections may appear unstained leading you to believe that the stain is not working | cresyl Echt Violet (Vacca)
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| Nissl subustance and Nuclei - blue/purple | Cresyl Echt Violet (Vacca)
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| Purpose - demonstrate nerve fibers, the presence of neurofibillary tangles and senile plaques in alzheimers disease. can also be used to demonstrate granules in some carcinoid tumor cells | bielchowsky
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| principles- the tissue is impregnated w/ ammonical silver solution. the silver deposited on the neurofibrils and axons is then reduced to metallic silver by the formaldehyde in the developer. sodium thiosulfate removes any unreduced silver | bielchowsky
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| sections 8 microns | bielchowsky
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| control - tissue from CNS, if possible tissue containing plaques and tangles | bielchowsky
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| axons brown to black | bielchowsky
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| cytoplasmic neurofibrils - brown/black | bielchowsky
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| neurofibilary tangles and senile plaques drak brown to black | bielchowsky
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| neuromelanin - black | bielchowsky
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| lipofucsin - brown to black | bielchowsky
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| purpose - demonstrate glial fibers | Mallory PTAH
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| principle - the phosphotungstic acid in the staining solution is far greater than the hematein and it is believed that tungsten binds all available hematain to give a blue colored lake. | Mallory PTAH
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| Metal hematein lake stains selected tissue components (glial fibers), while the phosphtungstic acid is thought to stain the red-brown components (neuron) | Mallory PTAH
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| section 6-8 microns | Mallory PTAH
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| control; cerebral cortes not spinal cord | Mallory PTAH
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| Glial fibers - blues | Mallory PTAH
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| Nuclei - blue | Mallory PTAH
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| Neurons - salmon | Mallory PTAH
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| Myelin - Blue | Mallory PTAH
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| purpose - demonstrate myelin in tissue sections, when an axon degenerates the myelin covering breaksdown into simpler lipids that w/b removed eventually | Luxol fast blue
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| principal - staining is due to lipoproteins and teh mechnisms is one of an acid-base reaction w/ salt formation. the base of the lipoprotein replaces the base of the dye | Luxol fast blue
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| sections 10-15 microns | luxol fast blue
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| control - spinal cord or medulla | luxol fast blue
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| myelin - blue | luxol fast blue
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| background - colorless | luxol fast blue
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| gray matter and demylelinated areas appear colorless, a sharp contrast to the stained myelinated white matter. staining can be microscopically seen | luxol fast blue
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| purpose - demonstration of glial fibers and areas of gliosis | Holzer method
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| principle - glial fibers stained w/ crystal violet are resistant to decolorizing w/ alkaline aniline chloroform mixture | Holzer method
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| sections 6-8 micron | Holzer method
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| control - cerbral cortex not spinal cord | Holzer Method
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| glial fibers - blue | Holzer Method
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| Background - very pale blue to colorless | Holzer method
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| Purpes - demonstrate astrocytes | Cajal stain
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| Prinicple - astrocytes are selectively stained w/ Cajal gold sublimate method on frozen sections | Cajal stain
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| fix - formalin ammonium bromide for no less than 2days but no more than 25 days | cajal stain
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| section - frozen section cut at 20-30microns, tissue is free floated not placed on slides | Cajal stain
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| Control - cerebral cortex not spinal cord | Cajal Stain
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| Has been replaced by immunohistochemistry | Cajal Stain
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| AStrocytes w/ perivascular feet - black | Cajal stain
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Created by:
nperez
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