AP Bio Chapter 23
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| population genetics | which emphasizesthe extensive genetic variation within populations and recognizes the importance of quantitative characters
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| modern synthesis | the integration discoveries and ideas from many different fields including taxonomy, paleontology, biogeogrpahy, and population genetics
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| population | a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species
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| species | a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
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| gene pool | the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time
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| fixed gene pool | all individuals are homozygous
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| genetic structure | a populations frequencies of alleles and genotypes
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| hardy-weinberg theorem | the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a populations gene pool remains constant over the generations unless actedupon by agents other than sexual recombination
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| hardy-weinberg equilibrium | a population's genetic structure in the state of equilibrium
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| hardy-weinberg equation | p2 + 2pg + q2 = 1
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| microevolution | a generation to generation change in a population's allele or genotype frequencies, 5 causes: large population size, isolation from othe rpopulations, no net mutations, random mating, no natural selection
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| Genetic drift | changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
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| Bottleneck effect | the result of an event such as a natural disaster when the genetic make-up of a population is drastically altered
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| Founder effect | genetic drift in a new colony
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| Gene flow | genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations
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| Mutations | a change in an organism’s DNA
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| Inbreeding | mating between closely related partners
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| Assortative mating | individuals select partners that are like themselves in certain phenotypic characters
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| Natural selection | differential success in reproduction
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| Polymorphism | the coexistence of two or more distinct forms of individuals in the same population
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| geographical variation | differences in genetic structure between populations
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| cline | a graded change in some trait along a geographic axis
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| balanced polymorphism | the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population
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| heterozygote advantage | mechanism for preserving balanced polymorphism, have greater survivorship and reproductive success than any type of homozygote
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| hybrid vigor | cross breeding between two different stocks inbred varieties often produces hybrids that are much more vigorous than either parent stock, probably due to segregation and heterozygote advantage
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| frequency-dependent selection | the reproductive success of any one morph declines if that phenotypic form become too common in the population
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| neutral variation | diversity within humans, no selective advantage for some individuals over others
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| darwinian fitness | the measure that is critical to selection, is relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
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| relative fitness | the contribution of a genotype to the next generation compared to the contributions of alternative genotypes for the same locus
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| stabilizing selection | acts against extreme phenotypes and favors the more common intermediate variants
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| directional selection | most common during periods of environmental change or when members of a population migrate to some new habitat with different environmental conditions
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| diversifying selection | occurs when environmental conditions are varied in a way that favors individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes
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| sexual dimorphism | the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females
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| sexual selection | a separate selection process leading to sexual dimorphism
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