SALT 9th Science - Chapters 10-13
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| abrasion | the sandblasting action of windblown sand
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| delta | a fan-shaped deposit of sediments at the mouth of a river
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| drainage basin | a region of land drained by a stream or river system
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| drumlin | low hill formed when an advancing glacier overruns an old moraine
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| erosion | general term for the carrying away of rock fragments such as by wind or running water
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| exfoliation | type of weathering, often associated with granite, that involves the breaking or peeling away of rock in layers
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| two major types of glaciers | continental and valley
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| mass wasting | general term for movements of rock and soil caused by gravity
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| meander | winding, looping curve in a river on a flat flood plain
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| moraine | a heap or ridge of till (broken rocks) left by a retreating glacier
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| sea stack | pillarlike structure of rock formed when the middle of a sea arch collapses
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| stalactite | an iciclelike mass of dripstone that forms on the ceiling of a cave
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| stalagmite | a spirelike mass of dripstone that forms on the floor of a cave
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| weathering | general term for the process by which rocks are broken down by the forces of nature
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| two types of weathering | physical weathering and chemical weathering
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| Australopithecines | the fossil known as “Lucy” is an example of this group of extinct apes
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| Charles Darwin | the British naturalist who popularized evolution with the book On the Origin of Species
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| evolution | the belief that the universe and all that is in it originated by natural processes over billions of years
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| fossils | the preserved remains of plants, animals, or humans in sedimentary rock
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| geologic column | a hypothetical time scale of the earth’s history based on evolutionary assumptions about the fossil record
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| Ice age | the period of history during which much of the earth’s high latitudes were apparently covered with glaciers
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| living fossils | animals such as the coelecanth that disappear abruptly from the fossil record, yet are still alive today
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| natural selection | the idea that the fittest and strongest of each species are more likely to survive and reproduce than weaker or unfit members of the species
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| paleontology | the study of fossils
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| Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis | the evolutionary hypothesis which states that new kinds of organisms arise in just a few generations as a result of massive genetic rescramblings
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| principle of uniformity | states that the same scientific laws in operation today have existed throughout the earth’s history
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| special creation | the belief that God called the universe and all that is in it into existence out of nothing (ex nihilo)
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| Uniformitarianism | false belief that all geological processes have always proceeded at the same rate
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| The most important evidence against evolution: | there are no transitional forms in the fossil record
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| acceleration | any change is speed, in direction, or in both speed and direction
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| acceleration of gravity at the earth’s surface | 9.8 m/s2
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| deceleration | negative acceleration
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| force | the pushing or pulling action of one object upon another
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| inertia | the tendency of matter to resist changes in motion
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| mass | the quantity of matter an object contains
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| mechanics | the branch of physics that deals with objects in motion
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| momentum | “p” – the “quantity of motion” of an object, p
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| newton | the SI unit of force
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| physics | the study of matter and energy and the interactions that occur between them.
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| resultant | an arrow on a diagram that shows the combined effect of two or more other vectors
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| speed | the distance covered by an object in a certain period of time; rate of motion
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| vector | an arrow that represents the magnitude and direction of a physical quantity on a diagram
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| velocity | the speed of an object in a particular direction
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| weight | a measurement of the earth’s gravitational pull on an object
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| First law of motion | the velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force.
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| Second law of motion | the acceleration of an object acted upon by a force is directly related to the strength of the force and inversely related to the object’s mass
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| Third law of motion | states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
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| Galileo’s thought on gravity (pg 320-321) | He discovered that all objects near the earth’s surface accelerate at the same rate when they fall, regardless of their mass.
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| Sir Isaac Newton | formulated the laws of motion and gravitation
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| four fundamental forces of nature | strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force
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| amplitude | the maximum distance that particles are displaced by a wave
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| crest | the highest point of a wave
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| constructive interference | when two crests or two troughs of interfering waves coincide, they strengthen each other
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| destructive interference | the wave interference that occurs when the crest of one wave and a trough of another pass through each other, canceling each other out
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| decibel | the unit usually used to measure sound intensity in a way that reflects how our ears perceive sound
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| diffraction | the spreading out of a wave after it passes through a narrow opening
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| Doppler effect | a change in sound frequency caused by an object’s motion
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| frequency | the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a second
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| hertz | the SI unit of frequency, equal to 1 wave or cycle per second
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| interference | the mutual reinforcement or cancellation that occurs when two or more waves meet
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| infrasonic | sound with a frequency below the range of human hearing
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| intensity | the strength of a sound wave
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| inverse square law of sound intensity | the intensity of a sound decreases as the square of the distance increases. (ie. a sound at 6 meters is 1/36 as intense than the same sound at 1 meter. Or a sound at 1 meter is 25 times more intense than the same sound at 5 meters.
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| law of reflection | the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
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| longitudinal wave | a series of compression and rarefaction pulses traveling along a spring
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| medium | the substance through which a wave transfers energy
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| overtones | sounds produced by a musical instrument at higher frequencies than the fundamental
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| pitch | the effect of frequency on the way our ear perceives sound
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| reflection | the change in the course of a wave as a result of a collision with an object
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| refraction | the bending of the path of a wave as a result of a change in wave speed, such as when crossing a boundary between medium
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| supersonic | speeds faster than the speed of sound
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| transverse waves | a series of side-to-side waves traveling along a rope
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| trough | the low points of a wave
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| ultrasonic | sound with a frequency above the range of human hearing
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| wave | a periodic back-and-forth motion that transmits energy through a substance
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| wavelength | the distance from one wave crest or trough to the next
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| two kinds of wave interference | constructive interference and destructive interference
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| What is the speed (ft/sec) of a water wave with a wavelength of 10 feet and frequency of 2 Hz? | 10ft. x 2Hz = 20 ft.sec
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