Heart as a Pump 2 - Physiology - Test 2
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| Describe the atrioventricular valves (AV valves). | Thin flaps of fibrous tissue covered with endothelium, which is continuous with the endocardium.
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| What is described by the statement, "Thin flaps of fibrous tissue covered with endothelium, which is continuous with the endocardium"? | Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
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| Where are the free edges of the atrioventricular valves (AV valves) attached? | To the papillary muscles by the chordae tendinae
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| The chordae tendinae attach the _____ to the papillary muscles. | AV valves
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| The __________ attach the AV valves to the papillary muscles. | Chordae tendinae
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| The chordae tendinae attach the AV valves to the ____________. | Papillary muscles
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| What serves as anchors to prevent eversion of the AV valves into the atria during ventricular contraction? | Papillary muscles
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| Opening and closing of the atrioventricular valves __________ (requires energy / is passive). | Is passive
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| What is the opening and closing of the atrioventricular valves dependent on? | Atrial/ventricular pressure differentials
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| What are the semilunar valves called? | Pulmonic and aortic valves
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| What are the three cup-like cusps of the semilunar valves attached to at the base? | Fibrous valve rings (annulus fibrosis)
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| What is an annulus fibrosis? | The fibrous valve rings to which the three cup-like cusps
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| What causes the semilunar valves to open? | They open when the ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
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| What causes the semilunar valves to close? | They close when the arterial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
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| How many cusps are found on the semilunar valves? | Three
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| What is the outermost layer of the heart called? | Epicardium
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| What is the visceral layer of the pericardium? | Epicardium
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| The visceral pericardium is a _______ layer of mesothelial cells overlaying a layer of elastic connective tissue. | Single
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| The visceral pericardium is a single layer of ____________ cells overlaying a layer of elastic connective tissue. | Mesothelial
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| The visceral pericardium is a single layer of mesothelial cells overlaying a layer of __________. | Elastic connective tissue
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| What does the deep layer of the visceral pericardium contain? | Blood vessels, nerves and fat
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| The epicardium is a _______ layer of mesothelial cells overlaying a layer of elastic connective tissue. | Single
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| The epicardium is a single layer of ____________ cells overlaying a layer of elastic connective tissue. | Mesothelial
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| The epicardium is a single layer of mesothelial cells overlaying a layer of __________. | Elastic connective tissue
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| What does the deep layer of the epicardium contain? | Blood vessels, nerves and fat
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| What is the middle layer of the heart called? | Myocardium
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| Which layer of the heart contracts to pump blood? | Myocardium
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| Which layer of the heart is composed of a special form of striated muscle which is known as cardiac muscle? | Myocardium
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| What kind of layers is the myocardium made of? | Fibrous layer
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| What are the muscle layers of the myocardium arranged within? | Cardiac skeleton
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| What is the cardiac skeleton composed of? | Tough, fibrous connective tissue
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| What does the cardiac skeleton do? | Supports the muscle layers of the myocardium
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| The cardiac skeleton is continuous with the connective tissue of the ________ and ________. | Epicardium; endocardium
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| What is the innermost layer of the heart? | Endocardium
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| What layer of the heart is in contact with the blood? | Endocardium
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| What layer of the heart is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels? | Endocardium
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| What type of cells is the endocardium composed of? | Thin endothelial cells
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| Why is the endocardium composed of thin endothelial cells? | Because it is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
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| What presents a smooth, nearly friction-free surface for the flow of blood in the heart? | Endocardium
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| What binds the endocardium firmly to the myocardium and is continuous with the cardiac skeleton? | Loose connective tissue
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