A-Z terms
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| Acrobat® | produces documents which can be displayed and printed from most computer operating systems. Adobe provides free Acrobat® readers for downloading from the Internet. Acrobat® files have extensions of " PDF" (for portable document format)
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| artificial intelligence (AI) | A property of machines that mimics human thought processes. Many researchers in artificial intelligence consider the abilities of "learning", reasoning, and decision making as essential to claims of machines possessing artificial intelligence
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| analog | a signal that varies continuously. The other signal is digital. Digital circuits are easier to design and operate. Nearly all modern computers and new communication systems use digital signals. Standalone fax machines send and receive analog signals.
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| android | A machine created to perform one/more functions done by humans. Means possessing human features; "an automaton resembling a human being." Androids resemble humans while robots need not have physical features like those of humans. See cyborg and robot.
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| ANSI | American National Standards Institute. The United States group that approves US many standards, including the standards for computers and for communications. ANSI is a member of the International Organization for Standardization, ISO. Also see byte.
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| applet | Programs written in Sun Microsystems' Java language. The programs contain the code needed to "play" animations or to present interactive applications. Applets can be downloaded using Netscape and played in a Web session.
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| application software or programs | Programs designed to support work or recreation functions (word processors, spreadsheets, database managers,image editors) Application software should be distinguished from utility programs.
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| Archie | A system that gathers, indexes, and distribute information on Internet. While Veronica searches Gopher files, Archie searches FTP file sites. Archie functions are being replaced by Web Search Engines on the World Wide Web.
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| ASCII | American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The primary encoding character set used in computers. has 7 bits per character. provide a bit that can be used as a check but to help that the remaining 7 bits are correct.
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| Asimov, Issac | author of short stories + novels, mostly science fiction. known as a futurist who predicted future developments in computers + information technology and their influence on society. introduced the fictional "three laws of robotics"
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| Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) | data transmission method. Large files are broken into small standard sized units that are transmitted to receiving computer where the packets.number of packets transmitted per sec is determined based upon the needs of the applications requesting the data.
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| attachment, e-mail | A document sent as a attachment to an e-mail message. The attachment may be any digital file object such as a simple ASCII text document, a word processing document, an image, a sound file, a video file, or a spreadsheet file.
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| authentication | - Verification of a person's identity or the source of a document. In network systems, authentication referrers to verifying that messages and documents came from the person indicated.
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| back door | An entry into a computer system deliberately left by designers, usually privileged accounts intended for field service technicians or maintenance programmers. (Also called "trap door" or "wormhole")
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| backup / back-up | To make copies of computer data/programs. OR Copies of computer data/programs. Backups may be on any media. Backups are made to be used for recovery in the the event of damage or loss of the original version of the files.
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| bandwidth | The difference in height between the highest and lowest frequencies. 2. A measure of the amount of data that can be transmitted through a circuit per unit of time (second).
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| barcode | An image of dark stripes of varying widths on a light background; width+sequence of the stripes denotes (characters). images are scanned by laser or conventional light emitting devices; software programs convert the barcode information into digital data.
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| baud | carrying capacity of communication lines/systems in symbols per sec. Baud rates coincide w/ bits per sec only under specific conditions. "Baud" = used for telegraph speeds for one Morse code dot per sec.
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| BGR | Blue, Green, Red. The colors of light that, when mixed, produce any other color. Images may be stored as sets of separate red, green and blue overlays. The three colors are emitted from to the three "guns" in a color cathode ray tube. BGR is sometimes a s
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| binary | Relating to systems composed of only two items or c..hoices. See bit.
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| bit | binary digit. smallest unit of info.for data storage + transmission. bit is considered to be either a "1" or "0" and is"set" or true if its value is 1 and "clear" or "reset" if the value is "0". Bits sometimes referred to as being O/1, and sometimes +/-,
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| bitmap | file/image structure representing, bit for bit, image displayed on monitor. Bitmaps=width+height of images and parts of images. Bitmaps = represent colored images;
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| BMP | An image file format used in Microsoft Windows. A bitmap format. See GIF, JPEG, PIC, PIX, TIFF, and WPG.
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| Boolean logic | .It deals with the two truth values of "TRUE and "FALSE". included the modifiers of "AND", "OR" and "NOT". The Boolean conditions of true and false=represented by "0" for "false" and "1" for "true". The "0" and "1" states- "no" and "yes" conditions.
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| boot / boot up | To start or initialize a computer operating system.
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| bps / BPS | Bits per second, the transmission speed of data between computers (or fax machines). BOPS is often used to express data transmission speeds.
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| browser | A program for reading hypertext. Browser permit viewing the contents of documents and support navigating among documents. The most popular World Wide Web browsers (1996) are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer.
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| bug | unwanted operation/function in a program or in computer hardware.the story told by Admiral Hopper is that an early computer had malfunctioned. Upon investigation, a moth was discovered between the contacts in the machine
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| bulletin board system | A computer and software providing a message database. Users log in and leave and read messages. Messages are often divided into topics. Some BBS provide archives of files or other services, e.g., e-mail
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