First Aid: Neurology
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| These cells provide neuronal physical support and help to maintain the blood brain barrier. | Astrocytes
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| These cells are the inner lining of ventricles. | Ependymal
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| These cells serve as neurologic phagocytes. | Microglia
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| These cells produce myelin. | Schwann cells (peripherally); Oligodenroglia (centrally)
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| The only CNS/PNS supportive cells that don't arise from ectoderm. | Microglia; originates from mesoderm
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| These cells form multinucleated giant cells with HIV-infection. | Microglia
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| These are the cells which are destroyed in multiple sclerosis. | Oligodendroglia
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| Acoustic neuroma is an example of this type of tumor and mostly involves what nerves? | Schwannoma; CN VII and VIII
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| Sensory corpuscles involved in light discriminatory touch. | Meissner's
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| Sensory corpuscles involved in pressure, coarse touch, and vibration. | Pacinian
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| Sensory corpuscles involved in light, crude touch. | Merkel's
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| What are the primary hypothalamic functions? | "TAN HATS!"; Thirst, Adenohypophysis, Neurohypophysis, Hunger, Autonomic, Temperature, Sexual Urges
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| This is the major relay center for ascending sensory information | Thalamus
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| What sensory information travels through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus? | Visual
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| What sensory information travels throught the medial geniculate nucleus? | Auditory
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| What sensory information travels through the Ventral posterior nucleus (VPL and VPM)? | VPL is body sensation; VPM is facial sensation
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| This structure is important in controlling voluntary movements and postural adjustments. | Basal ganglia
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| What is the difference between the direct and indirect pathway? | Direct pathway facilitates movement, indirect inhibits movement
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| A stroke of this artery will effect motor control of the leg and foot. | Anterior cerebral artery
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| Broca's and Wernicke's speech areas are supplied by this artery. | Middle cerebral artery
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| This is the most common site of berry aneurysm, lesions may cause visual-field defects. | Anterior communicating artery
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| These arteries supply th einternal capsule, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. | Lateral striae
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| The dorsal columns ascend in this manner and decussate at what point? | Ipsilaterally; decussate at medulla
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| Spinothalamic tract ascends in this manner and decussate at what point? | Contralaterally; decussate at anterior white comissure
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| Lateral corticospinal tract descends in this manner and decussates at what point? | Ipsilaterally from motor cortex, decussates ate medulla, then descends contralaterally
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| Damage to this structure causes Erb's palsy. | Upper trunk of brachial plexus
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| Damage to this structure causes Klumpke's palsy (claw hand). | Lower trunk of brachial plexus
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| Damage to these nerves causes wrist drop? | Posterior cord or radial nerve
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| Damage to this nerve causes deltoid paralysis? | Axillary nerve
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| Damage to this nerve causes winged scapula. | Long thoracic nerve
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| Damage to this nerve causes difficulty in flexing elbow, as well as variable sensory loss. | Musculocutaneous nerve
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| What is thoracic outlet syndrome? | Embryologic defect causing compression of the subclavian artery and inferior trunk resulting in: atrophy of thenar and hypothenar eminences, atrophy of interossesu muscles, claw hand and disappearance of radial pulse when looking contralaterally
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| Damage to this nerve will result in loss of dorsiflexion (foot drop). | Common peroneal (L4-S2)
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| Damage to this nerve will result in loss of plantar flexion. | Tibial (L4-S3)
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| Damage of this nerve will result in loss of knee extension/knee jerk. | Femoral (L2-L4)
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| Damage to this nerve will result in loss of hip adduction. | Obturator (L2-L4)
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| Damage to this structure will result in right anopia? | right optic nerve
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| Damage to this structure will result in bitemporal hemianopia. | optic chiasm
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| Damage to this structure will result in left homonymous hemianopia? | Left field lost in both eyes; right optic tract
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| These are the only two muscles of the eye not innervated by the oculomotor nerve. | Lateral rectus (innervated by abducens) and superior oblique( innervated by trochlear)
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| What are the 3 neural tube defects and their usual cause? | Usually caused by low folic acid intake during pregnancy; spina bifida occulta (failure of bony canal to close; meningocele (herniation of meninges); meningomyocele (herniation of meninges and spinal cord)
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| Damage to this area causes nonfluent aphasia with good comprehension. | Broca's aphasia
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| Damage to this area causes fluent aphasia with poor comprehension. | Wernicke's aphasia
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| Damage to this area results in tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis. | Basal ganglia
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| Damage to this area causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. | Mammillary bodies
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| Damage to this area causes truncal ataxia. | Cerebellar vermis
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| This disease is associated with beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. | Alzheimer's disease
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| Parkinson's like disease associated with aggregated tau proteins and specific for frontal and temporal lobes. | Pick's disease;
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| Associated with chorea and dementia due to atrophy of the caudate nucleus. | Huntingtons disease
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| Associated with Lewy bodies and depigmentation of substantia nigra. | Parkinson's disease
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| Olivopontocerebellar atrophy results in this syndrome. | friedreich's ataxia
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| Degeneration of both LMN and UMN with no sensory deficits. | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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| Inherited degeneration of anterior horn cells resulting in flaccid paralysis and tongue fasciculations. | Werdnig-Hoffman disease
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| Degeneration of anterior horn cells resulting in LMN signs, often in association with flu-like symptoms. | Poliomyelitis
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| Periventricular plaques with oligodendrocyte loss and reactive gliosis. Relapsing remitting course. Diagnosis? | Multiple sclerosis
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| Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is associated with this virus. | JC virus in AIDS patients
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| Inflammation and demylination of peripheral nerves causing symmetric ascending muscle weakness. | Guillain-Barre syndrome
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| Seizure resembling a blank stare. | Absence (petit mal)
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| Seizure consisting of quick, repetitive jerks. | Myoclonic
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| Alternating stiffening and movement seizure. | Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
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| Epidural hematoma is associated with rupture of this vessel. | Middle meningeal artery
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| Subdural hematoma is associated with rupture of this vessel. | Venous bleeding
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| Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with rupture of this vessel. | Rupture of berry aneurysm (circle of willis)
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| Most common adult brain tumor. | Glioblastome multiforme
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| Easily resectable brain tumor arising from arachnoid cells. | Meningioma
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| Slow growing tumor of the frontal lobes associated with "fried egg" cells. | Oligodendroglioma
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| Benign childhood tumor that can cause bitemporal hemianopsia. | Craniopharyngioma (pituitary adenoma can as well but not common in children)
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| Cerebellar tumor associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. | Hemangioblastoma (vHL when with retinal angiomas); Can produce EPO leading to secondary polycythemia
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| Highly malignant cerebellar tumor. | Medulloblastoma
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| Tumor associated with enlarged fourth ventricles and capable of causing hydrocephalus. | Ependymoma
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| Patient presents with scanning speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus. | Multiple sclerosis
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| Occlusion of this artery results in sparing of dorsal columns. | Ventral artery
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| Degeneration of dorsal roots and dorsal columns leading to impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia in this disease. | Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphillis); Argyll Robertson pupils
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| How would you distinguish between an upper and lower motor facial lesion? | UMN lesion results in contralateral paralysis of lower face only; LMN lesion results in ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face
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| Ipsilateral facial paralysis with inability to close eye on involved side. | Bell's palsy
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| In a CN XII lesion the tongue will deviate toward or away from side of lesion? | Toward side of lesion
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| In a CN V mot lesion, jaw will deviate toward or away from side of lesion? | Toward side of lesion
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| In a CN X lesion, uvula will deviate toward or away side of lesion? | Away from side of lesion
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| In a CN XI lesion, what physical exam findings can one expect? | Weakness turning head toward contralateral side (SCM) and shoulder droop (trapezius)
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