A&P.nervous.13&14
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| brainstem has 3 parts: | medulla oblongata; pons and midbrain
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| what is more life-threatening- damage to brainstem or cerebellum? | brainstem- it is responsible for many essential functions
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| medulla oblongata | most inferior part of brainstem, & is continuous with the spinal cord
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| medulla oblongat contains | pathway for ascneding and descending nerve tracts; center for important reflexes, including heart rate, breathing, swallowing & vomiting
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| pons | contains ascending and descending nerve tracts; relay between cerebrum and cerebellum; reflex centers-sleep center and respiratory center
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| midbrain (also called mesencephalon) | contains ascending & descending nerve tracts; visual reflex center; part of auditory pathway
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| colliculus | l. "hill or mound" Latin
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| superior colliculi | reflex movement of eyes and head - ex. sudden noise-head & eyes will go toward it
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| inferior colliculi | hearing and auditory pathways
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| pyramids | on medulla oblongata; descending nerve tracts-they are DECUSSATE
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| decussate | decussatus means to form an X - this is where fibers of the descending nerve tracts cross to the opposite side.
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| pons | part of brainstem - sleep, respiratory and relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum
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| substantia nigra | "black substance" contains melanin; interconnected with other basal nuclie of the cerbrum
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| reticular formation | scattered "clouds" of nuclei; they are involved in cyles of sleep-wake
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| cerebellum | means "little brain" - contains more than 10(12) neurons, which is more than the cerebral cortex
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| cerebellum consists of 3 parts: | flocculonodular lobe; vermis; and two lateral hemispheres
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| diencephalon | dia "through" encephalon "the brain" Gr. consists of thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, & hypothalamus
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| thalamus | gr. "a bed" (looks like a bed) - major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement
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| hypothalamus | below the thalamus Hype-below or deficient - major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function
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| hypothalamus | controls endocrine system because it regulates the pituitary gland's secertion of hormones - influencingmetabolis, repreduction, responses to stress, and urine production
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| hypothalamus | also controls temperature by stimulating sweating or shivering; mood
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| cerebrum | conscious perception, thought and conscious motor activity; can ocerride most other systems
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| longitudinal fissure | cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres fissure
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| gyri | folds of brain
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| sulci | L furrow or ditch
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| frontal lobe | smell, voluntary motor, motivation, aggression & mood
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| parietal lob | major sensory areas receiving general sensory input, taste and blance
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| occipital lobes | contain visual centers
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| temporal lobes | olfactory and auditory input-memory, abstract thought and judgment
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| ventricles | cavity in the brain
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| cerebrospinal fluid | similar to serum - with proteins removed
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| choroid plexus | Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from ependymal cells, support tissue and associated blood vessels
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| mechanoreceptors | respond to mechanical stimuli, such as compression, bending or stretching of cells--tickling, touch itch, vibration, properioception, hearing and balance
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| chemoreceptors | respond to chemicals - taste & touch
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| merkel's or tactile disks | in skin, detect light touch and superficial pressure
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| pacinian or lamellated corpuscles | like onions-vibrations, proprioceptive
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| meissner's or tactile corpuscles | two-point discrimination
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| ruffini's end organs | dermis of skin; respond to continuous touch or pressure
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| phantom pain | amputated limbs still feel pain; neuron pathways are still active; lack of touch & pressure may mean that pain is not inhibited
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| chronic pain | tissue damage or arthritis can cause chronic pain; the brain usually filters or suppresses pain, but sometimes it does not
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| referred pain | damage in deep structures is felt in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain - Ex. heart attack victims feel cutaneous pain radiating from the left should down the arm
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