Science Study Guide for Earthquake and Volcano Test
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| 2 types of stress | 1) shearing2) tension3) compression
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| shearing | pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions
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| tension | pulls on the crust, stretching rock so that is becomes thinner in the middle
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| compression | squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
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| 3 types of faults | 1) strike-slip2) normal3) reverse
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| Strike-slip Fault | Rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little up-or-down motion
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| Normal Fault | The fault is at an agle, so one block of rock lies above the fault while the other block lies below the fault.
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| Reverse Fault | Has the same structure as a normal fault, but the blocks move in the opposite direction
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| Where do faults typically occur? | Usually around plate boundaries
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| Tsunami | A large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor.
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| Seismic Wave | Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.
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| 3 types of seismic waves | 1) Primary waves2) Secondary waves3) Surface waves
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| Primary Waves | The first waves to arrive. They compress and expand the ground like an accorion.
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| Secondary Waves | These come after the primary waves. Vibrate from side to side as well as up and down.
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| Surface Waves | Form when S and P waves reach the Earth's surface. They produce the most severe ground movements.
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| How do we measure earthquakes? | Developed by Charles Richeter in 1935. It is a rating of the size of seismic waves as measured by a particular type of seismograph.
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| 2 types of boundaries where volcanoes form? | 1) divergent2) convergent
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| Divergent | Generally non-eplosive volcanoes. Most of the Earth's vocanism occurs along divergent boundaries, but eruptions often occur unobserved because divergent boundaries are ocvered by the oceans.
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| Convergent | Most of the world's above-sea volcanoes are located along these boundaries, which are also called subduction zones. They account for more than 80 percent of documented historical eruptions, mostly explosive.
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| Hotspot | Fixed places within the mantle or oceanic lithosphere, where rocks melt to generate magma.
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| Examples of hotspots: | 1) Hawaii2) Iceland3) Bermuda4) Cape Verde
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| Where does magma form? | In the Asthenosphere
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| 2 types of eruptions | 1) quiet2) explosive
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| Quiet Eruption | Magma flows easily. Contains thin, runny lava. Not very explosive.
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| Explosive Eruption | Magma is thick and sticky. Magma does not flow very easily. Gases build up in the pipe and cannot escape. Pressure builds up until it explodes. May cause a pyroclastic flow.
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| 3 Stages of a volcano | 1) Active2) Dormant3) Extinct
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| Active Volcano | A volcano that is erupting or has shown signs that it may erupt in the near future
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| Dormant Volcano | Sleeping. Expected to "awaken" in the future and become active.
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| Extinct Volcano | Dead. Most likely will never erupt again.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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Created by:
catrin013