Oral Solution 1 - DDS II
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| Name six routes of administration of liquid solutions. | Oral, Topical, Nasal, Ocular, Otic, Parenteral
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| For elderly patients, terminal patients, and stroke patients with swallowing difficulties, what kind of dosage form is appropriate? | Liquid Formulations
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| A liquid preparation that contains one or more therapeutically active ingredients dissolve in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents is called a _____________. | Solution
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| A liquid preparation that is intended for oral use is called a(n) ___________. | Oral solution
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| Ingredients are added to oral solutions to improve: | Palatability, stability, aesthetic appeal
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| What are four advantages of oral solutions? | Easy to swallow, immediate absorption, uniformity, reduced side effects
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| Why is irritation of the gastric mucosa reduced with oral solutions? | Immediate dilution by the gastric contents
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| True or False: A solution is a completely homogenous system. | True
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| True or False: Stability of ingredients in aqueous solution is often poorer than if they were formulated as a tablet or capsule. | True
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| What are three compounding considerations for liquid solutions? | Solubility concerns, Stability concerns, Incompatiblity concerns
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| What is the best all around solvent for oral solutions? | Water
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| Tap water has ______% solids. | Less than 1%
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| Purified water has ______% solids. | Less that 0.001%
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| What methods are used to purify water? | Distillation, Ion exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Use of membrane
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| True or False: Rubbing alcohol can be used as a vehicle for oral solutions. | False
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| True or False: Never use rubbing alcohol as a vehicle for oral solutions. | True
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| What is the second most useful solvent in a pharmacy? | Alcohol
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| For a chld less than six years old, what would be considered an overdose for an oral solution containing alcohol. | Greater than 0.5%
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| For a child between 6 years and 12 years, what would be considered an overdose for an oral solution containing alcohol. | Greater than 5.0%
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| For a child over 12 years, what would be considered an overdose for an oral solution containing alcohol. | Greater that 10%
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| What is the percentage of dehydrated ethanol? | 99.5%
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| What is the percentage of alcohol USP? | 94.9% to 96%
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| What percentage of isopropyl rubbing alcohol is used in topical products? | 70% v/v
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| What percentage of isopropyl rubbing alcohol is used for skin disinfectant | 91% v/v
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| Name two cosolvents that are miscible with both water and alcohol that are commonly used. | Glycerin/Glycerol, or Porpylene Glycol
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| Sweet taste is associated with what type of compounds? | Low-molecular weight polyhydroxy compounds
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| True or False: Stability of ingredients in aqueous solution is often greater than if they were formulated as a tablet or capsule. | False
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| True or False: Solutions require the incorporation of a preservative. | True
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| What is added to an oral solution to improve pateinet accpetance of a preparation? | Flavors and sweeteners
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| Children, in general, prefer what types of flavors? | Sweet, fruity, and bubblegum-type flavors
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| Adults, in general, prefer what types of flavors? | Chocolate, coffee, licorice, maple, or butterscotch
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| True or False: Some patients associate bitter taste with drug potency and effectiveness. | True
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| What flavors can be used to mask a salty taste? | Raspberry, cinnamon, orange, maple, peach, vanilla, butterscotch, and glycyrrhiza syrup
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| What flavors can be used to mask a sweet taste? | Fruit, berry, vanilla, acacia syrup
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| N-L-Aspartyl-L-Phenylalanine methyl ester is __________. | Aspartame
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| True or False: Polyhydroxy compounds are usually tasteless. | False
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| True or False: All liquid solutions contain water and thus, support microbial growth. | False
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| True or False: Nearly all liquid solutions contain water and thus, with certain exceptions, will support microbial growth. | True
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| What is added to prevent microbial growth? | Preservatives
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| The following are all considered what type of preservative: benzalkonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, and propylene glycol? | Antimicrobial preservative
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| What flavors can be used to mask a bitter taste? | Cocoa, chocolate, mint, wid cherry, walnut, raspberry syrup
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| What flavors can be used to mask a sour taste? | Fruit, citrus, cherry syrup, raspberry
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| Ethyl alcohol is what kind of preservative? | Antimicrobial preservative
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| True or False: A sour drug tastes best when flavored with a citrus or fruity flavor plus and added sweetener. | True
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| True or False: A bitter taste can often be improved by adding a citrus or fruity flavor. | False
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| True or False: A bitter taste can often be improved by adding a salty, sweet, or sour flavor. | True
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| Glycerin is what kind of preservative? | Antimicrobial preservative
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| True or False: Propylene glycol has properties that make it useful as a sweetener. | True
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| Name two drugs that can have an antabuse effect with alcohol. | Metronidazole and chlorpropamide
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| Once reconstituted, how long can a solution from dry powder be kept? | 7 to 14 days
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| True or False: A spirit is an alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic from vegetable substances or non-volatile substances. | False
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| What is a dry powder for solution? | Dry powder or granule form for reconstitution with a prescribed amount of purified water immediately before dispensing to the patient.
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| True or False: Acidic drugs usually taste sweet. | False
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