Sense and Perception
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| Sensation | the activation of receptors in the various sense organs.
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| Sensory receptors | Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances
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| Sense organs: | eyes ears nose skin taste buds
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| Just noticeable difference | the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time.
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| Absolute threshold | the smallest or lowest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present.
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| Subliminal stimuli | stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness. (Just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors but not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them.)
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| Limin | threshold
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| Sublimin | below the threshold
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| Subliminal perception | process by why subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind, influencing behavior.
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| Ernest Weber | Psychologist who provided a formulation that is used to determine the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.
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| Habituation | tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information. Put your glasses on top of your head, after a while you can’t feel them!
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| Brightness | determined by the amplitude of the wave—how high or how low the wave actually is. The higher the wave, the brighter the light will be. Low waves are dimmer
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| Color | or hue, is determined by the length of the wave (Long wavelengths are found at the red end of the visible spectrum (the portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye), whereas shorter wavelengths are found at the blue end.
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| Saturation | refers to the purity of the color people see; mixing in black or gray would also lessen the saturation. To see “truly red” a person has to focus on only one wavelength of the visible spectrum
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| Cornea | clear membrane that covers the surface of the eye; protects the eye and is the structure that focuses most of the light coming into the eye.
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| Pupil | hole through which light from the visual image enters the interior of the eye.
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| Iris | round muscle (the colored part of the eye) in which the pupil is located; can change the size of the pupil, letting more or less light into the eye; helps focus the image.
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| Lens | another clear structure behind the iris, suspended by muscles; finishes the focusing process begun by the cornea.
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| Retina | final stop for light in the eye. Contains 126 million rods and cones
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| Rods | visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light. Hard to see colors at night because we see primarily with the rods.
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| Cones | the FOVEA is made up by all cones and no rods: Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision. are mainly found in the center of the eye.
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| Blind spot | area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light.
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| How the Eyes Work | As it gets darker, older folks have a hard time adjusting to the light levels and seeing well – can be treated with vitamin A.
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| Hue | is the aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, blue, yellow, etc.
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| Trichromatic theory | theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green.
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| Opponent-process theory | Basically, it you stare at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you’ll see a greenish image of the object:
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| Monochrome colorblindness | either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all.
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| Red-green colorblindness | either the red or the green cones are not working
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| Wavelength | interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, or low). Sound waves are simply the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us
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| Auditory canal | short tunnel that runs from the pinna (external ear) to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).
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| Eardrum | thin section of skin that tightly covers the opening into the middle part of the ear, just like a drum skin covers the opening in a drum.
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| Cochlea | snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid.
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| Organ of Corti | rests in the basilar membrane; contains receptor cells for sense of hearing.
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| Auditory nerve | bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear; receives neural message from the organ of Corti
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| Pitch | psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches.
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| Place theory | theory of pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of Corti (cochlea).
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| Conduction hearing impairment | can result from either: damaged eardrum (which would prevent sound waves from being carried into the middle ear properly), or damage to the bones of the middle ear (sounds cannot be conducted from the eardrum to the cochlea) Treatment: hearing aid
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| Nerve hearing impairment | can result from either:
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| Cochlear Implant | a microphone implanted just behind the ear picks up sound from the surrounding environment.
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| Taste buds | taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste
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| Gustation | the sensation of a taste
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| Five Basic Tastes: | sweet sour salty bitter brothy
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| Olfaction (olfactory sense) | sense of smell.
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| Olfactory bulbs | areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.
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| cilia in the nasal cavity | act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules.
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| Somesthetic senses | the body senses consisting of: the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses.
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| Skin senses | the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
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| Kinesthetic sense | sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other.
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| Vestibular senses | the sensations of movement, balance, and body position sensory
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| Conflict theory | is an explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomforts.
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| Perception | the process by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion
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| Size constancy | the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance. Move your hand to your face and then back again – same size!!
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| Contiguity | is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related (synchronicity)
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| Figure–ground | the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background.
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| Reversible figures | visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed.
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| Depth perception | the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. Requires the use of both eyes – binocular cues.
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| Studies of depth perception | Visual cliff experiment: In Gibson and Walk’s experiment, one cue the babies might have used to detect depth could have been based on size constancy!
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| Linear perspective | the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.
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| Relative size | perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away.
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| Interposition (overlap) | the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer.
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| Binocular cues | cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes.
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| Convergence | the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant.
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| Binocular disparity | the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects. Look at an object with your left eye then your right eye, the object seem to jump from one position to another!
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| Müller-Lyer illusion | illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different.
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| Moon illusion | the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky.
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| Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy) | the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions.
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| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | claim of perception that occurs without the use of normal sensory channels such as sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell.
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| Telepathy |
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| Telepathy | claimed ability to read another person’s thoughts, or mind reading.
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