AIMC Anatomy and Physiology 1: Cells & Tissues
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| Primary Tissues | Epithelial (Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, simple, stratified)Connective (Squamous, Cuboidal, columnar, simple, stratified)Muscle (cardiac, skeletal, smooth)Nerve (neurons, supporting cells)
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| Cell Theory | Complex multicellular organisms, groups of cells have differentiated in special ways to form tissues, organs and systems.
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| Tissue | Groups of similar cells w/ similar function-epithelial (covering), connective (support/transport), muscle, nervous (control)
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| Tissues are generated by which embryonic tissues? | Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
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| Muscle types | smooth - involuntary, cardiac-uni/binucleate, branched, striated, involuntary, only in heartskeletal-multinucleate, unbranched, striated
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| How are muscles different? | distribution in the body, striated, number of nuclei in the cell, whether cells are branched or unbranched, voluntary or involuntary
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| Skeletal | striated, voluntary. multinucleate, unbranched,
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| cardiac | striated, involuntary, only in heart. uni/binucleate, branched,
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| Smooth Muscle | Viceral, non striated and involuntary . Can also occurs at body periphery in eyes and skin. Cells are uninucleate, unbranched, and smooth (not striated). Involuntary
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| Connective Tissue (general) | Provides body with structural building blocks, defense/immune cells, spaced apart, embedded in a matrix
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| Nerve Tissue (General) | Neurons transmit signals. supporting cells support neuronal function in a few ways: physical, chemical, nutritional support, some supporting cells increase the speed of nerve signal transmission, some act as immune cells defending the brain and spine ag.
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| Functions of Connective Tissue | Bind and support, protect (defensive cells of the immune system), insulation, transport and store substances
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| Characteristics of Connective tissue | all derived from mesenchime, varying degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix (there may be a lot of space bet cells)
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| Connective tissue composition | Ground Substance, Fibers, Cells. Cells=living portion. GS and fibers occur between cells = extracellular matrix
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| Ground substance | Unstructured material that fills the space bet. the cells and contains the fibers. Contains GAGs
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| GAGs | Contain many acid sugar molecules, get entangled in each other and trap water, varying fluidity, fx like sponges. Examples: Chondroitan sulfate, Keratan sulfate and HA
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| Fibers | Provide support. Collagen (strong and provide consistency and support for the tissues - they bind cells together) and Elastic (resiliant and stretchable found where additional elasticity is required i.e. in skin, blood vessels and lungs)
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| Cells | Living portion of Connective tissue. Immature = blast "bud/forming" & secretes extracellular matrix, Mature = cyte "cell", Destructive = clast "to break"
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| Connective Tissue Proper | Includes Loose and Dense connective tissue
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| Loose Connective Tissue | Areolar and Adipose
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| Areolar Connective Tissue | Gel like structure with 3 fiber types, widely distributed under epithelia, packages organs/capilaries, GS is semi fluid/gelatinous (HA), fluid resovior
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| Apipose Connective Tissue | Gel like matrix w/ 3 fiber types. Many closely packed adipocytes (fat cells). Focuses on storing energy for future use
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| Adipocytes | fat cells
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| Dense Connective tissue | contains closely packed bundles of collagen, have few cells other than fibroblasts, poorly vascularized
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| Dense Regular Connective tissue | collagen fibers are arranged in dense, parallel ways, few elastin fibers are present, i.e. tendons and ligaments
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| Dense Irregular Connective tissue | major fiber is collagen, fibers randomly arranged, some elastin is present (resiliency), i.e. dermis of the skin and fiberous capules of organs and joints
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| Cartilage (General) | Avascular, GS = collagen fibers and sometimes elastin. Developed by chondroblasts > maintained by chondrocytes. GS contains proteoglycans (large protein carb molecules and GAGs
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| Glycosaminoglycans = GAGs. | protiens containing sugar molecules - charged polysaccharides. stick out from the protein core like bristles on bottlebrush. They intertwine, - charges attract and hold water, forming a fluid matrix w/ varied consistency. Sponge. ie. HA
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| Cartilage Qualities | contains up to 80% water (due to GAGs i.e. HA and chondroitin), enables cartilage to rebound, most structures are covered by perichondrium & matrix is heavily invested with collagen fibers for strength and sometimes elastic fibers of resiliency
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| Perichondrium | a dense irrecular connective tissue capsule, that surrounds most cartilage structures (i.e. like the bone is surrounded by a periosteum). Nutrients diffuse via perichondrium
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| Fibroblasts | the immature form of a cell that is responsible for secreting the particular extracellular matrix > connective tissue proper
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| Chrondoblasts | the immature form of a cell that is responsible for secreting the particular extracellular matrix > cartilage
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| Osteoblasts | the immature form of a cell that is responsible for secreting the particular extracellular matrix > bone
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| Hemocytoblasts | the immature form of a cell that is responsible for secreting the particular extracellular matrix > blood
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