Solubilization of drugs - DDS II
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| Which reaction has a positive delta H, endothermic or exothermic? | Endothermic (absorb heat)
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| True of False: Solubility of a basic drug decreases with a decrease in pH. | False
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| What must happen to intermolecular attractions before new solute-solvent attractive forces can become effective? | They must be broken.
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| What is the value of R? | 1.987 cal / mol deg
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| What is the pH at which half of a drug is unionized called? | pKa
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| What is the concentration at which micelles are formed called? | Critical micelle concentration
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| What is one of the primary influences on the solubility of most drugs that contain ionizable groups? | pH
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| What is Critical Micelle Concentrations (CMC)? | The concentration at which micelles are formed.
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| Water ________________ (takes in / gives off) to break apart is hydrogen bonds. | takes in
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| True or False: Solubility of basic drugs show a U shape solubility curve. | False
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| Which is the strongest intermolecular force? | Ionic bonding
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| What technique is used to increase aqueous solubility of weak electrolytes and non-polar molecules. | Solubilization by cosolvency
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| True or False: Solubility of acidic drug decreases with a decrease of pH. | True
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| What types of acids and bases are not soluble in water? | Weak acids and bases with high molecular weights
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| True or False: Solids can be used as cosolvents. | True
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| Which reaction has a negative delta H, endothermic or exothermic? | Exothermic (gives off heat)
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| True or False: Cyclodextrins have a hydrophobic portion on the inside. | True
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| True or False: Cyclodextrins have a hydrophilic portion on the inside. | False
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| How many members does a beta cyclodextrin have? | Eight
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| Micelles are used to solubilize what kind of drugs? | Hydrophobic
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| Most substances are ____________ (endothermic / exothermic) in the process of dissolution. | Endothermic (absorb heat)
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| Name a substance that gives off heat (exothermic) in the process of dissolution. | Calcium hydroxide
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| True or False: A solute will not dissolve in a solvent if the solute-solvent forces of attraction are weaker than the individual solute and solvent intermolecular attractions. | True
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| True or False: A solute will dissolve in a solvent if the solute-solvent forces of attraction are weaker than the individual solute and solvent intermolecular attractions. | False
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| Name five ways to increase the solubility of drug substances. | Salt formation, Change in physical form, Cosolvancy, Use of surfactants, Complexation
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| Name four factors affection solubility. | Temperature, Ionization, pH, Particle Size
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| True or False: Solubility of amphoteric drugs show a U shape solubility curve. | True
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| True or False: Solubility of acidic drugs show a U shape solubility curve. | False
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| Solubility of acidic drugs ___________ (increases / decreases) with decreasing pH. | Decreases
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| Solubility of acidic drugs ___________ (increases / decreases) with increasing pH. | Increases
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| Solutes that are completely ionized include _____________. | Strong acids and bases, and inorganic and organic salts, which are soluble in water.
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| The process of dissolving a chemical in a solvent is called _________. | Solubilization
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| This type of bonding is electrostatic attraction between a cation/anion and a dipole. | Ionization
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| This type of bonding is electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. | Ionic bonding
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| True or False: A micronized drug will have an decrease in solubility over a drug that is not micronized. | False
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| True or False: A micronized drug will have an increase in solubility over a drug that is not micronized. | True
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| Ionization of a solute generally __________ (increase / decreases) solubility. | Increases
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| How many members does a gamma cyclodextrin have? | Nine
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| Name a process that enhances intrinsic solubility of chemicals. | Solubilization
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| List the following in order of strength from weakest to strongest: Hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals Attraction, Ionic Bonding, Ionization. | Van der Waals Attraction, Hydrogen Bonding, Ionization, Ionic Bonding
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| Most drugs are _______ electrolytes. | Weak (because most organic molecules are weak organic acids or bases)
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| How many members does a alpha cyclodextrin have? | Seven
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| How do you enhance the solubility of a weak electrolyte? | Convert it to a salt
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| Henderson Hasselbach Equation | pH = pKa + log ( [A-] / [HA] )
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| Delta H > 0 means ____________ (endothermic / exothermic). | Endothermic (absorb heat)
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| True or False: A valium (Diazepam) injection (5mg/mL) can be mixed with other solutions or drugs in IV or infusion. | False
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| True or False: A solute will dissolve in a solvent if the solute-solvent forces of attraction are great enough to overcome the solute-solute and solvent-solvent forces of attraction. | True
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| Delta H < 0 means ____________ (endothermic / exothermic). | Exothermic (gives off heat)
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| Solubility of a basic drug __________ (increases / decreases) with increasing pH. | Decreases
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| Cyclic oligosaccharides which have a hydrophobic inner side and a hydrophilic outer side are called _____________. | Cyclodextrins
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| Amphiphiles that are characterized by two distinct regions are called _________. | Surfactants
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| Aggregations of surfactants are called _____________. | Micelles
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| Acidic drugs are __________ (more / less) soluble in acidic solutions than in alkaline solutions. | less
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| A weak base becomes _____________ (ionized / unionized) in a strong basic environment. | Unionized
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| True or False: Solids are never used as cosolvents. | False
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| A weak base becomes _____________ (ionized / unionized) in a neutral or acidic environment. | Ionized
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| A weak acid in basic conditions exists as ______. | Ions
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| A micronized drug will have a(n) _____________ (increase / decrease) in solubility over a drug that is not micronized. | Increase
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| A weak acid becomes _____________ (ionized / unionized) in a neutral or acidic environment. | Ionized
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| True or False: A solute will not dissolve in a solve if the solute-solvent forces of attraction are great enough to overcome the solute-solute and solvent-solvent forces of attraction. | False
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| A weak acid becomes _____________ (ionized / unionized) in a strong acidic environment. | Unionized
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| Since the degree and extent of precipitation depends on the ability of a formulation to resist pH change when diluted, a __________ must often be used. | Buffer
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| Solubility of a basic drug __________ (increases / decreases) with decreasing pH. | Increases
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| Acidic drugs are __________ (more / less) soluble in acidic solutions than in alkaline solutions. | Less
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| True or False: Solubility of acidic drug increases with the increase of pH. | True
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| True or False: Solubility of acidic drug decreases with the increase of pH. | False
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| This type of bonding occurs between electron deficient and electron excessive atoms (dipoles). | Hydrogen Bonding
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| True or False: Only liquids can be used as cosolvents. | False
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| This type of bonding occurs between nonpolar groups. | Van der Waals Attraction
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| True or False: Solubility of acidic drug increases with the increase of pH. | True
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| True of False: Solubility of a basic drug increase with a decrease in pH. | True
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| Name four type of intermolecular forces. | Van der Waals attraction, Hydrogen bonding, Ionic Bonding, and Ionization
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| Name three types of interaction in the solubilization process. | Solvent-solvent interaction, solute-solute interaction, solvent-solute interaction
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| List the following in order of strength from weakest to strongest: Hydrogen bonding, Ionic Bonding, Ionization, Van der Waals Attraction. | Van der Walls Attraction, Hydrogen bonding, Ionization, Ionic Bonding.
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| What type of solubilization is used to increase aqueous solubility of weak electrolytes and nonpolar molecules? | Cosolvency
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| True or False: Never mix Valium (Dizazepam) injection (5mg/mL) with other solution or drung in IV or infusion. | True
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| Micellar solubilization could also be know as solubilization by ____________. | Surfactants
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| Cyclodextrins increase solubilization of a drug by forming ____________. | Inclusion complexes
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