AP Bio Chapter 18
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| Capsid | the protein shell that encloses the viral genome
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| viral envelopes | membranes cloaking the capsid
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| bacteriophages or phages | bacterial viruses
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| host range | when each type of virus can infect and parasitize only a limited range of host cells
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| lytic cycle | a viral reproductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell
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| virulent virus | a virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle
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| lysogenic cycle | replicates the viral genome without destroying the host
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| temperate viruses | viruses that are capable of using both modes of reproducing within bacteria
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| prophage | a phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome
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| virul envelope | helps the parasite enter the host cell, generally a lipid i-layer with glycoproteins protruding from the outer surface
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| provirus | when the dna of some viruses become integrated into the cell's genome, similar to a bacterial prophage
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| RNA as a viral genetic material | RNA viruses are classified according to the strandedness of their RNA and how it functions in a host cell
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| retroviruses | when the genetic information flows in the reverse direction
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| reverse transcriptase | an enzyme which transcribes DNA from an RNA template, RNA-->DNA
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| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)& AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | a retro virus
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| vaccines | harmless variants or derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount against defences against the actual pathogen
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| viroids | naked circular RNA that infects plants
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| prions | infectious proteins
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| nucleoid | dense region of DNA not bounded by a membrane
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| transformation | the alteration og a bacterial cell's genotype by the uptake of naked foreign DNA from the surrounding environment
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| transduction | DNA transfer process when phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another, 2 types: General & Specialized
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| conjugation | the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined
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| F Factor | a fertility factor in bacteria, a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for cojugation and associated functionrequired for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. may exist as a plasmid or intergrated into the bacterial chromosome
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| plasmid | a small circular selfreplicating DNA molecule separate from bacterial chromosomes
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| episome | a genetic element that can replicate either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome
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| F plasmid | the F factor in its plasmid form which consists of 25 genes, most required for the production of sex pili
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| R plasmids | the genes referring to resistance
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| transposon | a piece of genetic DNA that can move from one loction to another in a cell's genome
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| insertion sequence | the simplest bacterial teasposon consisting of only the DNA necessary for the act of transpsition
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| operator | a segment of DNA that controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes
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| operon | the entire stretch of DNA required for enzyme production for the tryptophan pathway
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| repressor | switch that with the help of a protein turns on and off the operon
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| regulatory gene | the repressor product of a gene
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| corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off
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| inducer | a specific small moleculethat inactivates the repressor
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| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | a small molecule which accumulates when glucose is absent
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| cAMP receptor protein (CRP) | the regulatory protein that is the activator of transcription
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