WVSOM -- Physiology -- Thermoregulation
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| Where is the set point for the core body temperature? | hypothalamus
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| How is core temperature determined? | reflects sum of different tissues
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| What affects core body temperature? | time of day, age, exercise and menstrual cycle
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| What are the 4 risk factors associated with dysregulation of temperature? | age, medications, health, environment
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| What is normal body temperature? | 37 C
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| What does elevated temperatures do to proteins? | denatures
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| What will a decrease in temperature lead to? | ice crystal formation
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| Rates of chemical reactions are ____________ sensitive. | temperature
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| What is convection with the body generating heat? | transfer of heat from tissue to blood
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| What is conduction with the body generating heat? | dissipation of heat directly across tissues to skin
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| What are the two ways heat is transferred from tissue/organ generating heat? | convection and conduction
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| What 3 things determines convection? | rate of heat production by tissue, temperature of tissue versus temperature of blood, rate of blood flow thru tissue
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| What 4 ways is heat transferred from the skin to environment (and vice versa)? | radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation
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| What is radiation? | heat transfer between skin and objects in environment
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| What is evaporation concerning the body? | sweat, respiration
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| Where are the thermoreceptors? | hypothalamus, heart, pulmonary vessels, spinal cord and skin
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| What is anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia? | low amount of sweat glands
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| What regulates heat transfer in the cutaneous circulation? | sympathetic nerves which vasodilate and vasoconstrict
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| What controls eccrine sweat glands? | sympathetic nerves
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| What happens to eccrine sweat glands with continued exposure to heat? | fatigue
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| What is hidromeiosis? | A decline in the rate of sweating during exposure to heat, especially that from warm baths.
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| What happens with heat regulation in fever? | temperature set point changes
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| What is the difference between fever vs. exercise? | Temperature set point changes in fever whiel in exercise there is no change in temperature set point
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| What are the two csues of fever resulting from pyrogens? | external and endogenous
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| What is an external source of pyrogen fever? | microbial source
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| What alters temperature set point? | PGE2
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| What is the enogenous cause of pyrogen fever? | cytokines; IL-1 and interfernon gamma, TNF
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| What is the cardiovascular strain due to heat? | There is peripheral pooling of blood which causes increased work on the heart. There will also be water loss which will further reduce central volume and cause a greater load on the heart.
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| What three things cause heat-related illnesses? | exposure to environmental heat, physical exercise and pathophysiologic causes
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| What will exposure to environmental heat do? | impede dissipation of heat
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| Why will physical exercise cuase heat-related illnesses? | increase heat production
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| What are pathologic causes of heat-related illnesses? | increase in body temperature causes inc. blood flow to skin, blood pools in warm, compliant vessels; fluid loss in sweat leads to volume reduction, reduced perfusion of viscera and high temperatures can result in injury and can lead to tissue death.
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| What are severe heat-related illnesses? | heat exhaustion and heat stroke
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| What are 3 mild forms of heat-related illnesses? | miliaria rubra, heat syncope and heat cramps
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| What is miliaria rubra? | heat rash – occlusion of eccrine sweat gland ducts
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| What is heat syncope? | fainting due to temporary reduction in circulation due to pooling of blood in peripheral veins
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| What are heat cramps? | skeletal muscle cramps – excessive loss of sodium in sweat
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| What is heat exhaustion? | inability to maintain cardiac output resulting in collapse at reast or during exercise; most common causes often by dehydration
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| What are symptoms of heat exhaustion? | dizziness, light headedness, weakness, nausea, cool, moist skin, dark urine, core temp normal or slightly elevated (101-104)
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| What is heatstroke? | elevated core temperature; neurological disturbances; can cause shock, organ failure, brain damage, death
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| What is classical heatstroke? | seen in primarily in sick, compromised indivicuals
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| What is exertional heat stroke? | seen primarily in apparently healthy, fit individuals
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| What are symptoms of heat stroke? | fever > 104; confusion, irrational, dry, hot, red sckin, rapid shallow breathing, rapid, weak pulse, seizures and unconsciousness
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| What is malignant hyperthermia? | heritable disease that causes a fever in an individual and servre muscle contractions in response to general anaesthesia
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| What are peripheral cold injuries? | extermities and exposed skin injuries
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| What are chilblains? | localized inflammatory lesions on skin
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| What is trench foot? | cold-wet exposure, skin breakdown and nerve damage (inc. sensitivity to pain)
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| What are the non freezing cold injuries? | cilblains and trench foot
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| What is a freezing injury? | frostbite
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| What potentiates frostbite? | use of beta blockers, pvd, dm, peripheral neuroptathy, raynaud’s syndrome
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