WVSOM -- Medial Neuroanatomy Olfactory and Visual Pathways
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| What is anosmia? | no smell
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| What is hyposmia? | decreased function
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| What is cacosmia? | hallucinatinoof unpleasant smells (aka: uncinate fit before seizure)
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| How often is the mucosa replaced on olfactory epithelium? | every 10 minutes
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| Where are olfactory receptors? | dendrites of neurons that extend into the mucosa
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| How are olfactory receptors activated? | depolaraize the first order neurons in the olfactory pathway
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| What kind of neurons are the first order neurons? | bipolar neurons
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| Where is the first synapse? | olfactory bulb
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| What happens in the olfactory bulb? | first order neurons synapse on the second order neutrons
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| What are the second order neurons in the olfactory tract called? | mitral cells
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| How many first order neurons compared to second order neuron? | a lot more first order neurons. 4-5 first order neurons synapse on second order neurons
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| What does the olfactory tract split into? | lateral and medial olfactory stria
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| What does the lateral olfactory project to? | pyriform and entorhinal regions of the cerebral cortex and the amygdale
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| Where does the medial olfactory stria project to? | projects to the contra-lateral olfactory bulb via the anterior commissure
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| Where does the olfactory tract go to? | telencephalon
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| Is the thalamus involved with olfaction? | no
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| What are the layers of the eye from outermost to innermost? | sclera, choroid, retina
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| What is the innermost layer of the eye? | Retina
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| What is the outmost layer of the retina? | 1
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| What is the innermost layer of the retina? | 10
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| How many layers of the retina are there? | 10
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| What is layer one of the retina? | pigment epithelium filled with melanin to absorb light
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| What do cones do? | absorb color; light
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| What do rods do? | low light vision
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| What does layer 2 of the retina do? | contains the receptor portion of rods and cones
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| What does layer 6 of the retina do? | contains the cell bodies of horizontal, bipolar and amacrine neurons
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| What does layer 8 of the retina do? | contains the cell bodies of ganglion cells
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| What does layer 9 do? | contains the axons of the ganglion cells; they become the optic nerve
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| What do the ganglion neurons do? | project axons that become the optic nerve
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| What do bipolar neurons in the eye do? | link between the receptor neurons and the ganglion neurons
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| What are the amacrine and horizontal neurons? | interneurons in the retina that make synapses on other neurons…involved in processing
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| What are the two area of specialization in the retina? | optic disk and fovea centralis
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| What is the fovea centralis? | an area of the retina conaining only cones. The upper retinal layers are shifted to the side at the fovea so that light may hit the photoreceptors here without any distortion.
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| What is at the optic disk? | a blind spot…no optic cells at all
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| What is the macula lutea? | area with no vasculature where the fovea is
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| What is the central visual pathway? | produces vision
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| What are the two pupillary pathways? | one ot the iris (pupil constriction and one to ciliary body (lens accommodation)
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| What is the visual association pathway? | superior colliculus
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| What is the reticular pathway? | produces alterness
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| What is the hypothalamic pathway? | circadian rhythm
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| Where do all visual pathways start? | retinal photoreceptors
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| What are the first order neurons in the eye? | bipolar neurons
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| What are the second order neurons in the eye? | ganglion neurons
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| Where is the optic chiasm? | just anterior to the infundibulum
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| What is the optic chiasm? | a decussation of optic fibers
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| What continues past the optic chiasm? | optic tracts
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| What information does each optic tract carry? | information from the contralateral visualfriends.
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| Where does the optic tract run to? | lateral geniculate body, pretectal area, superior colliculus, reticular formation and suprachiasmatic nucleus
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| What is the central visual pathway? | conveys visual information to the cerebral cortex to produce the visual perception
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| Where do 80% of the fibers of the optic tract synapse? | lateral geniculate body
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| What layers of the lateral geniculate body receive axons from the ipsilateral eye? | layers 2,3 and 5
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| Where do axons of the controlateral eye go in the lateral geniculate body? | 1,4 and 6
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| Where are 3rd order neurons in the optic pathway? | neurons in the lateral geniculate body
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| Where do third order neurons project to? | primary visual cortex
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| What divides the occipital lobe horizontally? | calcarine fissure
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| Where is the primary visual corex? | calcarine fissure
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| What is the geniculcalcarine tract? | third order neurons going from the lateral geniculate body to the calcarine fissure
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| What is meyer’s loop? | geniculocalcarine tract
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| What is agnosia? | inability to recognize objects
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| What is prospagnosia? | inability to recognize faces (right occipitoparetal corex)
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| What does V1 of the occipital lobe do? | visual awareness
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| What does V2 of the occipital lobe do? | segregation of the viusal info
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| What does V3 of the occipital lobe do? | form
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| What does v4 of the occipital lobe do? | color
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| What does V5 of the occipital lobe do? | movement
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