American Planning History
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| 1785 Ordinance | 1) Rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest
2) The largest single act of national pln in our history and the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic (Daniel Elazar)
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| 1790 US Census | 1) 1st US Census
2) Initiated by Secretary of State T. Jefferson.
3) Finished in 2 years
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| 1791 Manufactures Report | 1) Authored by Alexander Hamilton
2) Argued protective tariffs for mfg industry to promote industrial dev in the young republic
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| 1803 The Louisiana Territory | 1) 800,000 sq mi between Mississippi River & Rocky Mt purchased from France
2) Acquisition doubles nation's size and opens it to westward settlement
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| 1818 American System Plan | 1) Speech by Henry Clay
2) Proposed to allocate fed funds to promote dev of the national economy by combining tariffs w/internal improvements (e.g. rd, canals, other waterways)
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| 1825 Erie Canal Completed | 1) Artificial waterway connected NE states w/newly settled areas of the West, facilitating econ dev of both regions
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| 1839 National Road terminates in Vandalia, IL | 1) 1811 initiated in Cumberland, MD.
2) Helped open Ohio Valley to settlers
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| 1855 First Model Tenement | 1) Built in Manhattan
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| 1862 Homestead Act | 1) Opens up land of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and 5 years residence
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| 1862 Morrill Act | 1) Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states.
2) Proceeds from the sale to fund colleges teaching agriculture, engineering, and practical arts
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| 1864 George Perkins Marsh | 1) Father of American environmentalism
2) Published Man and Nature - explores destructive impact of human action on the natural env and inspires future conservation movements
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| 1867 US purchase Alaska from Russia | 1) Adds to the national estate a territory about the size of TX, Montana, and CA combined
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| 1868 Olmsted Sr and Calvert Vaux | 1) Begin planning for Riverside, IL - a planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities
2) Planned communities
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| 1869 UPRR & Central Pacific RR | 1) May 10, Promontory Point, UT - completed the 1st transcontinental railroad
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| 1877 Alfred White | 1) NY philanthropist. Completes Home Buildings for poor immigrants.
2) Fire proof construction, private toilets, balconies - most advanced tenements
3) Led to model tenement movement
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| 1878 John Wesley | 1) Wrote "Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the US"
2) Proposed regional plan that would foster settlement in the arid west and conserve scarce water resources
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| 1879 Henry George | 1) Wrote "Progress and Poverty" - diminish extreme national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax on land that would capture unearned increment of national dev for public uses
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| 1879 USGS | 1) USGS estab to survey and classify all Public Domain lands
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| 1880-1884 Pullman, IL | 1) Building of industrial town by George Pullman
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| 1890 Jacob Riss | 1) Wrote "How the Other Half Lives"
2) Led to housing and neighborhood reform
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| 1891 General Land Law Revision Act | 1) Gave President power to create forest preserves by proclamation
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| 1892 Sierra Club | 1) Estab. by John Muir
2) Promote protection and preservation of natural env
3) Muir, a figure in American environmentalism
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| 1893 World's Columbian Exposition | 1) Held in Chicago
2) Commemorated 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World
3) Source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession
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| 1896 US v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co | 1) 1st significant case re: historic preservation
2) Supreme Court ruled acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose
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| 1897 Forest Mgmt Act | 1) Authorized some control by the Secretary of Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves
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| 1898 Ebenezer Howard | 1) Wrote "Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" - a source of the Garden City Movement
2) Reissued in 1902 "Garden Cities of Tomorrow"
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| 1898 Gifford Pinchot | 1) Becomes chief forester for US Dept of Agriculture - publicizes the cause of forest conservation
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| 1901 NY State Tenement House Law | 1) Revised city codes
2) Outlawed Dumbbell Tenement
3) Leading reformer = Lawrence Veiller
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| 1902 US Reclamation Act | 1) Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works
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| 1903 Principles of City Land Values | 1) By Richard Hurd
2) Economic factors (e.g. accessibility, rent, highest and best use) as determinants of urban land use and structure
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| 1903 Letchworth | 1) Established. 1st English Garden City.
2) Stimulus to New Town movement in America (e.g. Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc)
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| 1903 President T. Roosevelt | 1) Roosevelt appoints a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for orderly land development and mgmt
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| 1906 Anttiquities | 1) 1st law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites
2) Provided designation of "National Monuments" - areas already in the public that contain historic landmarks, hist/prehist structures, objects of hist/scientific interest
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| 1907 NY Committee on the Congestion of Population | 1) Fostered movement led by Benjamin Marsh to decentralize NY's dense population
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| 1907 Inland Waterway Commission | 1) Established by President Roosevelt
2) Encourage multi-use planning in waterway development (e.g. navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply)
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| 1908 White House Conservation Conference | 1) State governors, fed officials and leading scientists assemble to discuss about the conservation of natural resources
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| 1909 Plan of Chicago | 1) By Daniel Burnham, also F.A. Delano, C. Wacker, C. Dyer Nortion
2) Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago
3) 1st metropolitan plan in the US
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| 1909 First National Conference on City Planning | 1) Held in Washington D.C.
2) Brought together leaders of the housing and city planning movements
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| 1909 Harvard University | 1) 1st course in city planning established at Harvard's Landscape Architecture Dept
2) Taught by James Sturgis Pray
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| 1911 Frederick Winslow Taylor | 1) Wrote "The Principles of Scientific Management" - efficiency movement, including efficiency in city government
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| 1912 Walter D Moody | 1) Wrote "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago". 8th grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education
2) 1st formal instruction in city planning below the college level
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| 1913 Uni of IL Dept of Horticulture | 1) 1st chair in Civic Design established for Charles Mulford Robinson
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| 1913 Federal Reserve Act | 1) Estab Federal Reserve Commission - nation's decentralized central bank to regulate the national money supply in order to provide for econ stability and growth
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| 1914 Publication of "Carrying Out the City Plan" | 1) Author: Flavel Shurtleff
2) 1st major textbook on city planning
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| 1914 Panama Canal | 1) Completed. Open to world commerce.
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| 1914 Harland Bartholomew | 1) US best known planning consultant
2) 1st full-time employee in Newark, NJ of a city planning commission
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| 1915 Patrick Geddes | 1) Father of Regional Planning
2) Mentored Lewis Mumford
3) Wrote "Cities in Evolution"
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| 1916 Nelson P Lewis | 1) Wrote "Planning of the Modern City"
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| 1916 NY Board of Estimates | 1) 1st comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by NY Board of Estimates
2) Championed by George McAneny & Edward Bassett (Father of Zoning)
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| 1916 National Park Service | 1) Established. Responsible for conserving and preserving resources of special value
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| 1917 Durham, CA | 1) An experimental cooperative ag colony established under the CA State Land Settlment Act
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| 1917 Olmsted Jr | 1) 1st President of American City Planning Institute (will transition to American Institute of Planner and AICP)
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| 1918 US Housing Corp and ER Fleet Corp established | 1) Influenced endeavors in public housing
2) Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for WW1 workers
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| 1919 Boston Metropolitan District Commission | 1) Combined 3 regional authorities: a) Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, b) Metropolitan Water Board, c) Metropolitan Park Commission
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| 1921 Budget and Accounting Act | 1) Estab. Bureau of Budget (will transition to Office of Mgmt and Budget) to centralize and enhance the efficiency of its financial processes
2) Estab. General Accounting Office - gov's auditor of executive accounts
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| 1921 New Orleans | 1) Estab. Vieux Carre Commission - 1st historic preservation commission
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| 1922 LA County Regional Planning Commission | 1) Estab. Led by Hugh Pomeroy.
2) 1st of its kind.
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| 1922 Regional Plan of NY | 1) Adopted. Led by Thomas Adams.
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| 1922 Pennsylvania Coal Co v. Mahon | 1) Holding - land use restriction can contribute a taking
2) Principle of a "regulatory taking" estab by Justice Brandeis
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| 1923 Mariemont, OH | 1) Construction began in suburban Cincinnati
2) Mary Emery (founder/benefactor); John Nolen (planner)
3) Features: short blocks, mixed rental/owner housing
4) Foreshadow of New Urbanism movement
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| 1924 Fairway Farms Experiment | 1) Funded by Spellman Foundation. Purchased 9 farms in MT to investigate the viability of the family farm on the high plains.
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| 1924 Standard State Zoning Enabling Act | 1) Issued by the US Dept of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover
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| 1924-1928 Sunnyside Gardens | 1) Neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein & Henry Wright.
2) Built by City Housing Corp under Alexander Bing
3) Located in Queens, NY
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| 1925 "Survey Graphic" article in "Regional Plan" publication issue | 1) Influential essay on regional planning
2) Authors: Lewis Mumford, other members of the Regional Pln Assoc of America (e.g. Catherine Bauer)
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| 1925 Cincinnati, OH | 1) 1st major American city to officially endorse a comp plan
2) Authors: Alfred Bettman & Ladislas Segoe
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| 1925 Concentric Zone | 1) Estab by Ernest Burgess
2) Concentric Zone model of urban structure and land use
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| 1925 Vol. 1, No. 1 of "City Planning" | 1) Later transition to "JAPA"
2) Published by: a) The American City Planning Institute and, 2) The National Conference on City Planning
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| 1926 Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty | 1) Zoning upheld by US Supreme Court
2) Championed by Alfred Bettman
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| 1928 Publication of "The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning" | 1) Author: Benton MacKaye, Father of Appalachian Trail
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| 1928 Publication of "Major Economic actors in Metropolitan Growth & Arrangement" | 1) Author: Robert Murray Haig
2) Published in Vol 1 "The Regional Survey of NY and Its Environs"
3) Viewed land use as a function of accessibility
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| 1928 Radburn, NJ | 1) Established. Planned community inspired by E. Howard's Garden City concept
2) Designed by Stein & Wright
3) Forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns
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| 1929 Publication of Neighborhood Unit | 1) Author: Clarence Perry
2) Published in Vol 2 "The Regional Survey of NY and Its Environs"
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| 1929 Rural Zoning, WI | 1) 1st instance of rural zoning
2) Authorized county boards to regulate, restrict and determine the area within which ag, forestry, and recreation may be conducted
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| 1929 Stock market crash | 1) Occurred in October. Led to Great Depression.
2) Fostered ideas of public planning on a national scale.
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| 1931 Publication of "Building the City" | 1) Published in "Regional Plan of NY"
2) Led to the rise of "The New Republic"
3) Highlighted argument between Thomas Adams & L. Mumford re: value of that plan and the meaning of metropolitan planning
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| 1931 National Land Utilization Conference, Chicago | 1) 300 ag experts deliberate on: a) rural recovery programs and, b) natural resource conservation
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| 1932 Federal Home Loan Bank System | 1) Established.
2) Purpose: to shore up shaky home financing institutions
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| 1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation | 1) Established at the beginning of the Great Depression
2) Purpose: to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, & ag institutions
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| 1933 Roosevelt becomes President | 1) New Deal begins with a spate of counter-depression measures
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| 1933 Home Owners Loan Corporation | 1) Established.
2) Purpose: to save homeowners facing loss through foreclosure
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| 1933 National Planning Board | 1) Established in the Interior Dept.
2) Purpose: to assist in the preparation of a comp plan for public works under the direction of F. Delano, C. Merriam, W. Mitchell
3) Successor agency: National Resources Planning Board (abolished 1943)
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| 1933 Civilian Conservation Corps | 1) Established.
2) Purpose: a) to provide work for unemployed youth and, b) conserve nation's natural resources
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| 1933 Federal ER Relief Adminstration | 1) Established by Harry Hopkins.
2 Purpose: to organize relief work in urban & rural areas
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| 1933 The Tennessee Valley Authority | 1) Established by Senator G. Norris, directed by D. Lilienthal
2) Purpose: to provide for the unified and multipurpose rehab and redev of the Tennessee Valley
3) Public corporation w/some freedom aspects of a private corporation
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| 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act | 1) Passed.
2) Purpose: to regulate ag trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (e.g. land use) as a recovery measure
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| 1934 American Society of Planning Officials | 1) Established.
2) Purpose: organization for planners, planning commissioners, and planning-related public officials
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| 1934 National Housing Act | 1) Established Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) for insuring saving deposits
2) Established Federal Housing Administration (FHA) for insuring individual home mortgages
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| 1934 Taylor Grazing Act | 1) Passed.
2) Purpose: to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes
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| 1934 Publication of "Final Report" by the National Planning Board | 1) Included sections entitled "A Plan for Planning", "Historical Development of Planning in the US"
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| 1934 Securities and Exchange Act | 1) Establishes the Securities and Exchange Commission and inaugurates some regulatory control over the stock and bond markets to prevent another crash like 1929
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| 1935 Resettlement Administration | 1) Established by R. Tugwell and Roosevelt to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement
2) Built 3 Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, MD; Greendale WI; Greenhills, OH)
3) Forerunner to New Towns (Columbia, MD; Reston, VA)
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| 1935 Publication of "Regional Factors in National Planning" | 1) Authored by: National Resources Committee
2) Landmark in regional planning literature
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| 1935 Soil Conservation Act | 1) Passed. Prevention of soil erosion becomes a national priority
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| 1935 Historic Sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act | 1) Established. Forerunner to National Historic Preservation Act
2) Requires the Secretary of Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites & properties
3) Fed agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs & plans
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| 1935 Social Security Act | 1) Passed.
2) Purpose: to create a safety net for elderly
3) Principal promoter: Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor & 1st woman cabinet member
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| 1935 Grande Coulee Dam | 1) Constructed 1935-1941. Dam on the Columbia River in Central WA. Largest concrete structure in the US
3) Heart of Columbia Basin Project (a regional plan comparable to TVA scope)
3) Purpose: irrigation, electric power, flood control in Pacific NW
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| 1936 Hoover Dam | 1) Completed. Dam on the Colorado River.
2) Creates & sustains population growth and industrial development in NV, CA, and AZ
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| 1937 Publication of "Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy" | 1) Landmark report by the Urbanism Committee of the National Resources Committee
2) Research led by Ladislas Segoe
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| 1937 US Housing Act | 1) Set the stage for future gov aid by appropriating $500 M in loans for low-cost housing
2) Tied slum clearance to public housing
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| 1937 Farm Security Administration | 1) Established. Successor to the Resettlement Administration
2) Administrator of many programs to aid the rural poor
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| 1938 American Institute of Planners defines their purpose | 1) "...the planning of unified development of urban communities and their environs, and of states, regions, and the nation, as expressed through...the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and regulation"
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| 1939 Publication of Homer Hoyt's influential "sector theory" | 1) Sector theory of urban growth
2) Published in "The Structure & Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities"
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| 1941 Publication of "Local Planning Administration" | 1) Author: Ladislas Segoe
2) 1st of "Green Book" series
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| 1941 Publication of "Planning Function in Urban Government" | 1) Author: Robert Walker
2) Advocates making the planning staff an arm of city gov rather than of a citizens planning board or commission
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| 1944 Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Agreement | 1) US and allies meet to establish the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
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| 1944 Serviceman's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) | 1) Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs
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| 1947 Housing and Home Financing Agency | 1) Predecessor of HUD
2) Created to coordinate fed government's various housing programs
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| 1947 Park Forest, IL & Levittown, NY | 1) Construction begins
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| 1947 Secretary George C. Marshall Harvard commencement speech | 1) Focused on proposal of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of postwar Europe
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| 1947 Publication "Land Use in Central Boston" | 1) Author: Walter Firey
2) Challenges the claim of the regnant economic "highest and best use" doctrine to be a sufficient explanation of the arrangement of urban land uses
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| 1947 Publication of "Communitas" | 1) Author: Paul & Percival Goodman
2) Explores 3 community paradigms and their possible expressions in physical-spatial forms
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| 1949 Housing Act | 1) Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill
2) 1st US comprehensive housing legislation
3) Aimed to construct 800,000 units
4) Inaugurated urban redevelopment program
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| 1949 National Trust for Historic Preservation | 1) Established
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| 1954 Berman v. Parker | 1) US Supreme Court upholds right of Washington D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan
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| 1954 Brown v. Board of Education | 1) Topeka, KS
2) Supreme Court upholds school integration
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| 1954 Housing Act | 1) Stressed slum prevention & urban renewal vs. slum clearance & urban redevelopment in the 1949 Act
2) Stimulated general pln for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 -- fostered statewide/interstate/substate regional pln
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| 1954 Council of Government (COGS) movement | 1) Begins in Detroit with the formation of a Supervisor's Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in SE Michigan for the purpose of confronting area problems. Spreads nationwide.
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| 1954 Publication "Urban Traffic: A Function of Land Use" | 1) Author: Robert B. Mitchell& Chester Rapkin
2) Groundbreaking inquiry into the forces that account for the land use structure of the modern metropolitan region.
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| 1955 Air Pollution Control Act | 1) Passed.
2) Grants $5M annually for 5 years for research on air pollution problem.
3) Future congressional acts concerned with types of pollution sources, standards, & deadlines
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| 1956 Federal Aid Highway Act | 1) Passed. Multi-billion dollar.
2) Purpose: create interstate hwy system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more
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| 1957 Publication "Standard Industrial Classification" | 1) Published by the Bureau of the Budget
2) Encompasses both mfg and non-mfg industries
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| 1957 Publication "Urban Land Use Planning" | 1) Author: F. Stuart Chapin, Jr.
2) 1st textbook on the subject
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| 1957 "Education for Planning" Book | 1) Author: Harvey S. Perloff
2) About intellectual, practical and philosophical basis for the education of city and regional planners
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| 1959 Publication "A Multiple Land Use Classification System" | 1) Author: Albert Guttenberg
2) Published in Journal of American Institute of Planners
3) Expands the land use concept by defining and classifying it multi-dimensionally
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| 1959 Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) | 1) Established by Congress
2) Members from various branches of government
3) Served as a research agency and think tank in the area of intergovernmental relations
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| 1959 American Collegiate Schools of Planning | 1) Established by departments heads of planning schools at the annual ASIP conference to confer on common problems and interests regarding the education of planners
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| 1959 St. Lawrence Seaway | 1) Completed.
2) Joint US-Canada project that created a 4th North American seacoast, opening the American heartland to sea-going vessels
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| 1960 Publication "Image of the City" | 1) Author: Kevin Lynch
2) Defined basic elements of city's"imageability" (e.g. paths, edges, nodes, etc)
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| 1961 Publication "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" | 1) Author: Jane Jacobs
2) Critique of planning and planners
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| 1961 Publication "And on the Eight Day" | 1) Author: Richard Hedman and Fred Bair
2) Cartoon book poking fun at the planning profession
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| 1961 Hawaii Statewide Zoning | 1) Hawaii becomes the 1st state to institute statewide zoning
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| 1961 Delaware River Basin Commission | 1) Established by NY, NJ, and PA to foster joint mgmt of the river's water resources
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| 1962 Urban Growth Simulation Model | 1) The urban growth simulation model emerges in the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study
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| 1962 Publication "A Choice Theory of Planning" | 1) Author: Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner
2) Published in "AIP Journal"
3) Lays basis of advocacy planning concept
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| 1962 Publication "Silent Spring" | 1) Author: Rachel Carson
2) Wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life
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| 1962 Reston, VA | 1) Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes VA's 1st residential planned community zone, clearing the way for the creation of Reston, a full-scale, self-contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, DC
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| 1962 Publication "The City in History" | 1) Author: Lewis Mumford, social critic and professional planner, wins the National Book Award
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| 1963 Columbia, MD | 1) A new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore
2) Featured some class integration and the neighborhood principle
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| 1963 Publication "Comprehensive Planning and Social Responsibility" | 1) Author: Melvin Webber
2) Published in Journal of the American Institute of Planners
3) Calls for the profession to widen its scope beyond the traditional land use planning (e.g. embrace social goals and social sciences)
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| 1964 Publication "The Urban General Plan" | 1) Author: T.J. Kent
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| 1964 Civil Rights Act | 1) Outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation
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| 1964 Publication "The Federal Bulldozer" | 1) Author: Martin Anderson
2) Criticized current urban renewable programs as counterproductive to increasing low and medium income housing supply.
3) Led to change in urban policy
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| 1962 Publication "The Urban Villagers" | 1) Author: Herbert Gans
2) A study of the consequences for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community
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| 1964 Wilderness Act | 1) Signed by President Lyndon Johnson
2) Establishes National Wilderness Preservation System - federal lands designated as "wilderness areas"
3) Prohibit development, settlement, road bldg, and all forms of mechanized transport in such areas
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| 1964 Publication "A Model of Metropolis" | 1) Author: Ira Lowry
2) Published by Rand Corporation
3) One of the earliest and the most influential of urban development models
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| 1965 Housing and urban policy achieve cabinet status | 1) Occurs when Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by HUD
2) Robert Weaver comes HUD's 1st Secretary and nation's 1st African-American cabinet member
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| 1965 Water Resources Mgmt Act | 1) Passed by Congress.
2) Authorizes Federal-Multistate river basin commissions
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| 1965 Appalachian Regional Planning Act | 1) Establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and part of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources
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| 1965 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act | 1) Launches the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty
2) A centerpiece of President L. Johnson's "Great Society" program
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| 1966 Publication "With Heritage So Rich" | 1) A seminal historic preservation book
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| 1966 National Historic Preservation Act | 1) Establishes the National Register of Historic Places
2) Section 106 - protects the preservation of sites and properties threatened by federal activities
3) Creates national Advisory Council on Hist Preservation. Directs each state to appoint a SHPO.
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| 1966 Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act | 1) Provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, & other worthy resources in bldg national roads
2) Private and public owned historic sites are both protected by Section 4(f)
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| 1967 Planning profession's 50th anniversary | 1) Celebratory conference held in Washington DC with practitioners and founders of the profession
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| 1968 Louis B. Wetmore Amendment | 1) Drops the final phrase in the 1938 AIP declaration of purpose which tied it to the comprehensive arrangement and regulation of land use
2) The purpose was to broaden the scope and membership of the profession
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| 1968 Intergovernmental Relations Act | 1) Office of Management and Budget issues Circular A-95 requiring state and substate regional clearinghouses to review and comment on federally assisted projects to facilitate coordination among the 3 levels of government
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| 1969 Publication "Design with Nature" | 1) Author: Ian McHarg
2) Tied planning to the natural environment
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| 1969 NEPA | 1) Requires an EIS for every federal or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly harm the environment
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| 1969 Publication "American City Planning Since 1890" | 1) Author: Mel Scott
2) Reissued in 1995 by APA
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| 1969 Apollo 11 | 1) Lands on the moon on July 20
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| 1969 Earth Day | 1) 1st Earth Day on January 1
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| 1970 US EPA | 1) Established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act 1970
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| 1970 Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan | 1) Adopted as the 1st plan in the nation to allocate low and moderate-income housing on a "fair share" basis
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| 1971 Code of Ethics for professional planners | 1) Adopted by AIP
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| 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act | 1) Creates a voluntary National Coastal Mgmt Program
2) Participating states undertake to develop coastal mgmt programs meeting minimal federal standards
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| 1972 Clean Water Act | 1) Passed to keep pollutants from point sources out of navigable waters
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| 1972 US State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act | 1) General revenue sharing inaugurated under the US State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act
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| 1972 Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo | 1) NY high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth
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| 1972 Demolition of St Louis' Pruitt-Igoe Project | 1) Symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed
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| 1972 Earth Resources Technology Satellite (Landsat) | 1) Launched the 1st of several satellites for acquiring high resolution images of the earth's surface
2) Major advancement in efforts to identify, evaluate, develop, and conserve the planet's natural resources
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| 1973 Endangered Species Act | 1) Federal assistance to state and local jurisdictions to establish conservation programs for endangered plant and animal species
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| 1974 Housing and Community Development Act | 1) Reshaped housing policy by replacing the customary categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development, and by creating a rental assistance program for low and middle-income families
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| 1975 Cleveland Policy Plan Report | 1) Shifts emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning
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| 1976 Historic Preservation Fund | 1) Established
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| 1977 First exam for AIP memebership | 1) Conducted
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| 1978 Penn Central Transportation Co V. City of NY | 1) US Supreme Court upholds NYC's Landmark Preservation Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal
2) Court found that barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use
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| 1978 APA | 1) American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merged to become APA
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| 1978 Urban Park & Recreation Recover Act | 1) Passed
2) Authorized $725 M for matching grants to rehabilitate parks and other recreational facilities in impoverished local communities
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| 1979 "Cities of the American West" won the National Book Award | 1) Author: John Reps
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| 1980 "Reagan Revolution" begins | 1) Planning profession challenged to adapt to a new (counter-New Deal) policy environment: reduced federal domestic spending, privatization, deregulation, etc
2) Phased out some aids to planning (e.g. sewer grants) & pln programs (e.g. Title V Regions)
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| 1980 Superfund Bill | 1) Passed
2) Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act
3) Creates liability for dischargers
4) Taxed polluting industries to estab clean up trust funds
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| 1980 Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) | 1) Established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession
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| 1981 Publication "The Journal of Education and Planning Research" | 1) Published by ACSP
2) 1st issue -- Vol 1, No 1
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| 1983 Mt. Laurel Case, NJ | 1) NJ Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities in the state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing
2) A precedent-setting blow against racial segregation
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| 1984 Seaside, FL | 1) Construction begins. One of the earliest examples of New Urbanism
2) Designed by: Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
3) New Urbanism emphasizes urban features: compactness, walkability, mixed-use
4) Anti-sprawl, smart growth movement
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| 1986 1st National Conference on American Planning History | 1) Held in Columbus, OH
2) Led to the founding of the Society of American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH)
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| 1987 First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles | 1) US Supreme Court finds that even a temporary taking requires compensation
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| Nollan v. California Coastal Commission | 1) Finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose
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| 1989 Planning Accreditation Board (PAB) | 1) Established
2) Recognized by the Washington-based Council on Post Secondary Education to be the soil accrediting agency in the field of professional planning education
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| 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) | 1) Includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic preservation component
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| 1992 Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council | 1) US Supreme Court limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation
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| 1993 Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC) | 1) Proposal signed into law
2) Aims tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished urban & rural communities to jump start their economic and social recovery
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| 1994 Dolan v. City of Tigard | 1) US Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality" between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer
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| 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | 1) Among US, Canada, and Mexico begins on January 1
2) Purpose: to foster trade and investment among the 3 nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers
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| 1999 AICP inaugurates a College of Fellows | 1) Purpose: to recognize distinguished individual contributions by longer term AICP members
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| 2000 President Clinton creates 8 new national monuments in 5 western states | 1) Canyons of the Ancients (CO); Cascade-Siskiyou (OR); Hanford Ranch (WA); Ironwood Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (AZ); Grand Sequoia, California Coastal (CA)
2) Expanded Pinnacles, CA
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|
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