Female reproductive system
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| adnexa uteri | Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.
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| amnion | Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus.
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| areola | Dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple.
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| Bartholin glands | Small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body).
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| cervix | Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus.
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| chorion | Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
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| clitoris | Organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra.
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| coitus | Sexual intercourse; copulation. Pronunciation is KŌ-ı˘-tus.
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| corpus luteum | Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus).
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| cul-de-sac | Region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus.
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| embryo | Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks.
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| endometrium | Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus.
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| estrogen | Hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics.
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| fallopian tube | One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus.
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| fertilization | Union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops.
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| fetus | Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks.
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| fimbriae (singular: fimbria) | Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes.
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum).
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| gamete | Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum.
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| genitalia | Reproductive organs; also called genitals.
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| gestation | Period from fertilization of the ovum to birth.
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| gonad | Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis.
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| gynecology | Study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts.
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| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.
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| hymen | Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina.
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| labia | Lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips.
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| lactiferous ducts | Tubes that carry milk within the breast.
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| luteinizing hormone (LH) | Hormone produced by the pituitary gland; promotes ovulation.
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| mammary papilla | Nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection.
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| menarche | Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce.
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| menopause | Gradual ending of menstruation.
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| menstruation | Monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month).
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| myometrium | Muscle layer of the uterus.
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| neonatology | Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate).
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| obstetrics | Branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth.
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| orifice | An opening.
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| ovarian follicle | Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime.
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| ovary | One of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones.
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| ovulation | Release of the ovum from the ovary.
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| ovum ( plural: ova) | Mature egg cell (female gamete). Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.
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| parturition | Act of giving birth.
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| Perineum | In females, the area between the anus and the vagina.
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| pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones to stimulate the ovaries.
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| placenta | Vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy. It serves as a communication between maternal and fetal bloodstreams.
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| pregnancy | Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks.
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| progesterone | Hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women.
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| puberty | Point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced.
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| uterine serosa | Outermost layer surrounding the uterus.
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| uterus | Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix
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| vagina | Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body.
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| vulva | External female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice.
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| zygote | Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks.
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| amni/o | amnion
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| cervic/o | cervix, neck
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| chori/o, chorion/o | chorion
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| colp/o | vagina
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| culd/o | cul-de-sac
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| episi/o | vulva
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| galact/o | milk
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| gynec/o | woman, female
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| hyster/o | uterus, womb
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| lact/o | milk
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| mamm/o | breast
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| mast/o | breast
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| men/o | menses, menstruation
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| metr/o, metri/o | uterus
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| my/o, myom/o | muscle, muscle tumor
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| nat/i | birth
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| obstetr/o | pregnancy and childbirth
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| o/o | egg
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| oophor/o | ovary
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| ov/o | egg
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| ovari/o | ovary
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| ovul/o | egg
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| perine/o | perineum
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| phor/o | to bear
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| salping/o | fallopian tubes
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| uter/o | uterus
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| vagin/o | vagina
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| vulv/o | vulva
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| -arche | beginning
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| -cyesis | pregnancy
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| -gravida | pregnant
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| -parous | bearing, bringing forth
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| -rrhea | discharge
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| -salpinx | fallopian (uterine) tube
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| -tocia | labor, birth
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| -version | act of turning
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| dys- | painful
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| endo- | within
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| in- | in
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| intra- | within
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| multi- | many
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| nulli- | no, not, none
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| pre- | before
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| primi- | first
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| retro- | backward
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| carcinoma of the cervix | Malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer).
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| cervicitis | Inflammation of the cervix.
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| carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer) | Malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma).
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| endometriosis | Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus.
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| fibroids | Benign tumors in the uterus.
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| ovarian carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma).
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| ovarian cysts | Collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary.
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| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region
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| carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer) | Malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts).
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| fibrocystic disease | Numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast.
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| abruptio placentae | Premature separation of the implanted placenta.
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| choriocarcinoma | Malignant tumor of the placenta.
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| ectopic pregnancy | Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
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| multiple gestation | More than one fetus inside the uterus.
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| placenta previa | Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.
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| preeclampsia | Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.
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| Down syndrome | Chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes.
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| erythroblastosis fetalis | Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.
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| hyaline membrane disease | Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.
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| hydrocephalus | Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain.
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| meconium aspiration syndrome | Abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn.
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| pyloric stenosis | Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
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| Pap test | Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix.
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| pregnancy test | Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG.
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| hysterosalpingography (HSG) | X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material.
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| mammography | X-ray imaging of the breast.
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| breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI | Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue.
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| pelvic ultrasonography | Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region.
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| aspiration | Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction.
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| cauterization | Destruction of tissue by burning.
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| colposcopy | Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.
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| conization | Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix.
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| cryosurgery | Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue.
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| culdocentesis | Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac.
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| dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C) | Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus.
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| exenteration | Removal of internal organs within a cavity.
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| laparoscopy | Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope).
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| tubal ligation | Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring.
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| abortion (AB) | Spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own.
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| amniocentesis | Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
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| cesarean section | Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus.
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| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis.
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| fetal monitoring | Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor.
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| in vitro fertilization (IVF) | Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization.
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| pelvimetry | Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis.
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| AB | abortion
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| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein—high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant.
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| ASCUS | atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance—the Pap smear is abnormal but does not meet the criteria for a specific lesion.
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| AUB | abnormal uterine bleeding
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| BRCA1 BRCA2 | breast cancer 1 and 2—genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer
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| BSE | breast self-examination
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| CA 125 | protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal range of values is 0 to 35)
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| C-section | cesarean section
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| CIN | cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
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| CIS | carcinoma in situ
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| CS | cesarean section
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| CVS | chorionic villus sampling
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| Cx | cervix
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| D&C | dilation (dilatation) and curettage
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| DCIS | ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer
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| DES | diethylstilbestrol—an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters of mothers so treated.
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| DUB | dysfunctional uterine bleeding
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| ECC | endocervical curettage
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| EDC | estimated date of confinement
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| EMB | endometrial biopsy
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| FHR | fetal heart rate
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| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone
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| G | gravida (pregnant)
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| GnRH | gonadotropin-releasing hormone—secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland
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| GYN | gynecology
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| HCG | human chorionic gonadotropin
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| HDN | hemolytic disease of the newborn
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| HPV | human papillomavirus
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| HRT | hormone replacement therapy
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| HSG | hysterosalpingography
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| IUD | intrauterine device; contraceptive
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| IVF | in vitro fertilization
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| LAVH | laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
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| LEEP | loop electrocautery excision procedure
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| LH | luteinizing hormone
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| LMP | last menstrual period
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| LSH | laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
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| multip | multipara; multiparous
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| OB | obstetrics
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| OCPs | oral contraceptive pills
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| para 2-0-1-2 | a woman's reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children
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| Pap test | Papanicolaou smear—test for cervical or vaginal cancer
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| Path | pathology
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| PID | pelvic inflammatory disease
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| PMS | premenstrual syndrome
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| primip | primipara; primiparous
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| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
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| TAH-BSO | total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
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| TRAM flap | trans–rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap—for breast reconstruction
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| UAE | uterine artery embolization
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| VH | vaginal hysterectomy
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