Ecology
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| scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment | ecology
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| contains all the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water and air (atmosphere) | biosphere
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| to understand __________ within the biosphere, ecologists ask questions about events and organisms that range in complexity from a single individual to the entire _________ | relationships, biosphere
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| a group of organisms so similar to one another they can breed and reproduce fertile offspring | species
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| group of individuals that belong to the same species and live ing the same area | population
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| different populations living together in the same area | community
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| group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities | biome
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| regardless of the tools they use, scientists conduct modern ecological research using three basic approaches: ________, __________, and________ | observing, experimenting, and modeling
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| _______ is the main energy source for life on earth | sunlight
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| some types of organisms rely of the ________ stored in inorganic chemical compounds | energy
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| plants, some algae, and certain bacteria that can capture energy from the sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food | autotrophs
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| autotrophs are also called________ | producers
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| kelp is an autotroph that uses energy from the sun to produce ________ _________ | living tissue
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| when organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates | chemosynthesis
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| organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply | heterotrophs
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| heterotroph are also called ________ | consumers
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| when plants take in water and carbon dioxide, and release oxygen into the air. THe sun is the energy source, carbohydrates (sugar) is what the plant makes for its food | photosynthesis
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| obtain energy by eating plants | herbivores
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| eat animals | carnivores
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| eat both plants and animals | omnivores
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| feed of plant and animal remains and other dead matter | detritivores
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| break down organic matter | decomposers
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| produce energy from chemicals | chemotrophs
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| Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the ______ or inorganic compounds, to _______ (producers) then to various ___________ (consumers) | sun, autotrophs, heterotrophs
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| series of steps, organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | food chain
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| _______ _______ show the one way flow of energy in an ecosystem | food chains
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| links all the food chains of an ecosystem together | food web
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| each step in a food chain or food web is called this | trophic level
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| diagram showing relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web | ecological pyramid
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| only about what percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level | 10%
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| the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called _____ | biomass
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| true/false: because only ten percent of energy in one trophic level is available in the next, each higher trophic level can support only about 1/10th the amount of living tissue | true
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| unlike the one way flow of energy, ______ is recycled within and between ecosystems | matter
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| elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through _____________ cycles | biogeochemical
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| when water changes from a liquid to a gas | evaporation
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| water enters the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants | transpiration
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| gaseous water changing into a liquid | condensation
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| water on the ground running off into lakes, streams,or oceans | runoff
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| water percolating into the ground | seepage
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| all the chemical substances an organism needs to survive are called ________ | nutrients
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| every living organism needs ________ to grow and carry out essential life functions | nutrients
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| t/f like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles | true
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| ________ is the key ingredient in all living organisms | carbon
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| the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia | nitrogen fixation
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| other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called | denitrification
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| true/false phosphorous is abundant in the biosphere | false
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| true/false phosphorous is essential to living organisms because it forms important life sustaining molecules such as RNA and DNA | true
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| true/false biological processes like photosynthesis are involved in the carbon cycle | true
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| all organisms require ______ to make amino acids which are used to build proteins | nitrogen
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| true/false many forms of nitrogen occur naturally in the biosphere | true
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| rate at which organic matter is created by producers | primary productivity
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| when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly | limiting nutrient
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| when an aquatic ecosystem recieves a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers,called an _____ ______ | algal bloom
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