cells
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| name the three things the cell theory states | all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, new cells are produced form existing cells
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| thin, flexible barrier around the cell | cell membrane
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| strong layer around the cell membrane | cell wall
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| large structure that contains the cells genetic material | nucleus
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| material inside the cell membrane not including the nucleus | cytoplasm
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| name the two catagories cells are divided into | prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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| type of cell that has a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no nucleus | prokaryotes
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| type of cell containing nuclei | eukaryotes
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| specialized structures in a cell | organelles
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| what is the main function of the cell wall? | to provide protection and support for the cell
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| nucleus controls most of the cells ________ and contains the hereditary information ______ | processes, DNA
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| the granular material visible within the nucleus | chromatin
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| when a cell divides, chromatin condenses to form ________ | chromosomes
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| distinct threadlike structures containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next | chromosomes
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| small, dense region in the nucleus where the production of ribosomes begins | nucleolus
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| the nucleus is surrounded by a double layer membrane layer called the_______, which is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores, which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus | nuclear envelope
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| network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. Also involved in many forms of cell movement | cytoskeleton
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| hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter that maintain cell shape and serve as tracks along which organelles are moved | microtubules
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| long thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell. | microfiliments
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| proteins are assembled on _________, small particles of RNA and protein | ribosomes
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| produce proteins following coded instructions that come from the nucleus | ribosomes
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| an internal membrane system eukaryotic cells contain | endoplasmic reticulum
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| organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modifies | endoplasmic reticulum
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| part of the ER that is involved in the synthesis of proteins | rough ER
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| part of the ER that contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks such as the synthesis of lipids | smooth ER
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| proteins produced by the rough ER move to a stack of membranes called the _____________ | Golgi Apparatus
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| enzymes in the _________ attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins | golgi apparatus
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| small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell. they also break down organelles the have outlived their usefulness. | lysosomes
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| perform the vital function of removing debris that might otherwise accumulate and clutter the cell | lysosomes
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| cells often store materials such as water salts proteins and carbohydrates in saclike structures known as _______ | vacuoles
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| organelle that uses the energy from sunlight to make energy rich food molecules in a process known as photosynthesis | chloroplasts
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| organelles that release energy from stored food molecules | mitochondria
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| `________ use energy from food to make high energy compounds the the cell can use to power growth | mitochondria
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| the ___________ regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provided protection and support | cell membrane
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| the core of nearly all cell membranes is a double layered sheet called a | lipid bilayer
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| the __________ of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution | concentration
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| the movement of molecules from and area of high concentration to an area of high concentration | diffusion
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| ______ causes many substances to move across a cell membrane but does not require the cell to use energy | diffusion
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| most biological membranes are __________, meaning that some substances can pass across them and others cannot | selectively permeable
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| a process that allows water molecules to pass easily through most biological membranes | osmosis
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| ____ is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis
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| when materials move from and area of low concentration to and area of high concentration | active transport
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| process of taking materials into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane | endocytosis
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| when large particles are taken into the cell by endocytosis | phagocytosis
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| extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles | phagocytosis
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| the removal of large amounts of material from a cell | exocytosis
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