Bacteria Cards
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| Lipopolysaccharide | G (-) surface antigen endotoxin. Lipid A -> TNF & IL-1 induction
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| Bacterial ribosome | 50s & 30s
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| Gram + Organism Characteristics | Teichoic acid
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| Gram – Organism Characteristics | Endotoxin/LPS, Periplasmic space
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| Non- Gram Stain Organisms | Treponema (too thin, fluorescent antibody stain), Rickettsia (intracellular), Mycobacteria (acid fast +), Mycoplasma (no cell wall), Leigonella (intracellular- Silver stain +), Chlamydia (intracellular)
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| Exotoxins | Select G+ & - bacteria. Secreted polypeptide encoded on a plasmid, uber-toxic. Induces strong antibody response. Heat labile (-staph enterotox). Examples: Tetanus, botulism, diphtheria.
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| Exotoxin-Secreting Bugs | S. aureus:TSST-1; S. pyogenes:Scarlet fever&erythyrogenic toxin; c. Perifringens:gas gangrene&double hemolysis, Tetani:blocks GABA; Botulinum:blocks ACh; Anthrax:adenylate cyclase; Shigella:Shigga cleaves host rRNA, HUS; s Pyogenes:Streptolysin-hemolysis
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| Endotoxins | Most G- & listeria. Endemic surface lipopolysaccharide. Less toxic, less antigenic. Induces TNF & IL-1 -> fever, shock. Heat stable. Examples: Meningococcemia, G- sepsis.
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| Protein A | Binds Fc region of Ig. s aureus.
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| IgA protease | Secreted from encapsulated orgs: s. pneumo, h. flu, neisseria.
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| GAS M Protein | Blocks phagocytosis
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| Conjugation | F plasmid contains conjugation genes. Hfr cells incorporate into DNA and can transmit adjacent DNA.
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| Transformation | DNA uptake from environment
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| Transduction | Generalized: LYTIC phage lyses host DNA & some host DNA can get into viral capsid. Specialized: Host DNA on either side of integrated viral genome is taken & packaged into LYSOGENIC phage viral capsid.
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| Transposition | Transposons that carry genes for virulence & antibiotic resistance. Insert into plasmids, bacterial chromosomes
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| Toxins encoded in lysogenic phages | (ABCDE) shigA-like toxin, Botulinum, Cholera, Diptheria, Erythrogenic toxin of s. pyogenes
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| Obligate Aerobes | Nocardia, p. aeruginosa, TB, Bacillus.
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| Obligate Anaerobes | Actinomycetes, bacteroides, clostridium.
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| Facultative Intracellular Organisms | Salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia
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| Obligate Intracellular Organisms | Rickettsia, Chlamydia
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| Encapsulated Bacteria | Strep pneumo, h flu, neisseria meningitidis, klebsiella
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| Spore formers | bacillus (antracis, cereus), clostridium (botulinum, diff, perifringens, tetani)
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| Urease + Orgs | H pylori, proteus, klebsiella, ureaplasma
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| Gram (-) & Penicillin | resistant to benzylpenicillin G, +/- susceptible to derivatives (ampicillin). Outer membrane --| Penicillin G & Vanco entry
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| Enterobacteriaceae Characteristics | (e coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, proteus). All have O-antigen (endotoxin), glucose fermenter, oxidase (-). Capsular K antigen determines virulence. Flagellar H antigen on motile species.
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| Lactose Fermenting Enterocytes | Pink on MacConKEE agar: Klebsiella, E coli, enterobacter, Citrobacter.
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| Vibrio parahaemolyticus & vulnificus | Seafood contamination. V. vulnificus -> wound infx contaminated w/shellfish or water.
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| Food Poisoning Organisms | Vibrio, Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, clostridium perifringens, c botulinum, e coli, salmonella
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| Bloody Diarrhea Organisms | Campy, salmonella, shigella, enterohemorrhagic & enteroinvasive e. coli, yersinia, c diff, entamoeba histolytica.
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| Watery Diarrhea Organisms | Enterotoxigenic e. coli, cholera, c. perifringens, protozoa (giardia, cryptosporidium), viruses (rota, adeno, noro-viruses)
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| cAMP Inducers | cholera, pertussis, e coli heat-labile toxin, anthrax (primary adenylate cyclase, -|PMNs + Edema)
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| Zoonotic Bacteria | Bartonella henselae, borrelia burgdorferi, brucella, francisella, yersinia, pasturella.
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| Bartonella henselae | cat scratch fever, by cat scratch
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| Borrelia burgdorferi | Lyme disdease, ixodes ticks on deer & mice
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| Gardnerella vaginalis | +/- gram staining rod. Non-painful white/gray fishy vaginal discharge. Coinfx w/ Mobiluncus (anaerobe). Dx: Clue cells, epithelial cells covered in bacteria. Treatment: Metronidazole.
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| Giemsa’s Stain | Borrelia, Plasmodium, Trypanosomes, Chlamydia
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| PAS Stain (periodic acid-Schiff) | Whipple’s Disease. Stains glycogen & mucopolysaccharides.
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| Ziehl-Neelsen Stain | Acid-fast bacteria
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| India ink | Cryptococcus neoformans
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| Silver Stain | Fungi, Leigonella
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| Chocolate agar | H flu: Factor V (NAD) & X (hematin)
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| Thayer-Martin Media | N. gonorrhoeae
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| Bordet-Gengou Agar | Pertussis. Potato-based agar.
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| Tellurite Plate, Loeffler Medium | Corynebacterium Diptheriae -> black colony
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| Lowenstein-Jensen Agar | TB
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| MacConkey’s Agar | Lactose fermenting enteric bacteria -> Pink (Kleb, E coli , Entero > Citro, Serratia)
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| Charcoal Yeast Extract | Leigonella, buffered with iron & cysteine
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| Sbouraud’s Agar | Fungi
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| E Coli Enteritis Subtypes & Toxins | ETEC:Heat labile & stable tox -> travelers diarrhea; EHEC: Shigga-> bloody diarrhea & HUS, EIEC: Bloody diarrhea. LT: AB toxin -> ADP ribosylatoin Gs-> cAMP -> Diarrhea.
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| A-B/ADP Ribosylating Toxin Bugs | PERTUSSIS--|Gi--|chemokines & phagocytosis. Pseudamonas & DIPTHERIA --|EF2. E COLI & CHOLERA->Gs->uber diarrhea
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| Bacteriostatic Antibiotics | Erythro- & Clindamycins, SMX, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol
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| Bactericidal Antibiotics | Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Aminoglycosides(-mycins), Cephalosporins, Metronidazole
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| Sulfa Allergies | Sulfonamides, sulfasalazine, sulfonylureas, thiazides, acetazolamide, furosemide
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| VRE Treatment | Linezolid & streptogramins (-pristins)
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| Contraindicated Antibiotics in Pregnancy | Sulfonamides (kernicterus), Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity), Fluoroquinolones- cartilage, Erythromycin-cholestatic hep, Metronidazole: mutations, Tetracyclines: teeth, inhibit bone growth, Griseofulvin: teratogenic. Chloramphenicol: gray baby.
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| 1st Gen Cephalosporins | Cefazolin, Cephalexin
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| 2nd Gen Cephalosporins | Cef -oxitin, -uroxime, -clor
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| 3rd Gen Cephalosporins | Cef -tazidime, -triaxone, -ixime
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| 4th Gen Cephalosporin | Cefepime
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