AP Bio Chapter 15
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| Chromosome Theory of inheritanc | Mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment
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| sex-linked genes | genes located on sex chromosomes
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| linked genes | genes that are located on the same chromosomes
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| wild type | an individual with the normal phenotype
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| mutant phenotypes | traits that are alternatives to the wild type due to a change in a wild type allele
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| genetic recombinantion | the general term for the production of offspring that combine traits of the two parents
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| parental types | offspring that shows traits neither parent shows
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| recombinants | an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents
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| genetic map | an ordered list of genetic loci along a chromosome
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| linkage map | a genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. The greater the frequency of the recombination between the two genetic markers, the farther apart they are assumed to be
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| cytological maps | locate genes with respect to chromosomal features such as stained bands, that can be seen under a microscope
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| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | affects 1:3500 males, rarely live past 20's, progressive weakening of muscles and loss of coordination
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| hemophilia | a sex-linked recessive trait defined by the absence of a certain protein required for blood clotting
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| barr body | a dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome
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| nondisjunction | an accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes chromosomes or both sister chromotids fail to move apart properly
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| aneuploidy | a chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or deficient in number
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| trisomic | when an aneuploidy cell has an extra chromosome
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| monosomic | when a aneuploidy cell is missing a chromosome
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| polyploidy | a chromosomal alteration in which the organism posses more than two complete chromosome sets
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| deletion | 1) a deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage2) A mutational loss of a nucleotide from a gene
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| duplication | an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome
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| inversion | an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis from mutagens; reattatchment in a reverse orientation of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated
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| translocation | an aberration in chromosomal structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; attatchment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome
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| down syndrome | a human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects
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| genomic imprinting | the parental effect of gene expression. Identical allels may have different affects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm
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| fragile x syndrome | a heredity mental disorder, partially explained by genetic imprinting and the addition of nucleotides to a triplet near the end of an X chromosome
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