Chapter 12 Glossary
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| Ablation | Removal or destruction of a body part or tissue or its function. Ablation is performed by surgical means, hormones, drugs, radiofrequency, heat, cold, chemical application, or other methods.
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| Abscess | Circumscribed collection of pus resulting from bacteria, frequently associated with swelling and other signs of inflammation.
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| Adhesion | Abnormal fibrous connection between two structures (soft tissue or bony structures) may occur as the result of surgery, infection, or trauma
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| Allograft | Graft from one individual to another of the same species
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| Anastomosis | Surgically created connection between ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other
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| Anomaly | Irregularity in the structure or position of an organ or tissue
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| Anuria | Suppression, cessation, or failure of the kidneys to secrete urine
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| Aspiration | Drawing of fluid out by suction
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| Atony | Absence of normal muscle tone and strength
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| Atresia | Congenital closure or absence of a tubular organ or an opening to the body surface
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| Autograft | Tissue or organ transferred to a new position in the body of the same individual
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| Azoospermia | Failure of sperm development or the absence of sperm in the semen; one of the most common factors in male infertility
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| Balanoposthitis | Inflammation and/or infection of the glans penis and prepuce
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| Blunt Dissection | Surgical Technique used to expose an underlying area by separating along natural cleavage lines of tissue, without cutting
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| Brachytherapy | Form of radiation therapy in which radioactive pellets or seeds are implanted directly into the tissue being treated to deliver their dose of radiation in a more direct fashion. Brachytherapy provides radiation to prescribed body area while minimizing exp
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| Calculus | Abnormal, stone-like concretion of calcium, cholesterol, mineral salts, or other substances forming in any part of the body
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| Carcinoma Insitu (CIS) | Malignancy arising from cells of the vessel, gland, or organ of origin remaining confined to hat site, has not invaded neighboring tissue.
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| Chordee | Ventral (downward) curvature of the penis due to a fibrous band along the corpus spongiosum seen congenitally with hypospadias, or a downward curvature seen on erection in disease conditions causing lack of distenibility in the tissues
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| Chronic Interstitial Cystitis | Persistently inflamed lesion of the bladder wall, usually accompanied by urinary frequency, pain, nocturia, and a distended bladder
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| Circumcise | Circular cutting around the penis to remove prepuce of foreskin
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| Conduit | Surgically created channel for the passage of fluids
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| Conyloma | Infectious, tumor-like growth caused by the human papilloma virus, with branding connective tissue core and epithelial covering occurring on the skin and mucous membranes of a perianal region and external genitalia
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| Cryotherapy | Surgical procedure using intense cold for ablation or treatment
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| Cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder. Symptoms include dysuria, frequency of urination, urgency, and hematuria
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| Cystitis Cystica | Inflammation of the bladder characterized by the formation of multiple cysts
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| Cystocele | Herniation of the bladder into the vagina
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| Cystostomy | Formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the bladder
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| Cystotomy | Surgical incision into the urinary bladder or gallbladder
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| Cutaneous | Relating to the skin
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| Debridement | Removal of dead or contaminated tissue and foreign matter from a wound.
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| Dilation | Artificial increase in the diameter of an opening or lumen made by medication or by instrumentation
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| Dissect | Cut apart or separate tissue foror surgical purposes of for visual or microscopic study
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| Diverticulum | Pouch or sac in the wall of an organ or canal
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| Dysuria | Pain upon urination
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| Electrocautery | Division or cutting of tissue using high frequency electrical current to produce heat, which destroys cells or ablates tissue
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| Epididymis | Coiled tube on the back of the testis, the site of sperm maturation and storage and where spermatozoa are propelled into the vas deferens toward the ejaculatory duct by contraction of smooth muscle
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| Epididymo-orchitis | Inflammation of the testes and epididymis
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| Epispadias | Male anomaly in which the urethral opening is abnormally located on the dorsum of the penis, appearing as a groove with no upper urethral wall covering
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| Exenteration | Surgical removal of the entire contents of a body cavity, such as the pelvis or orbit
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| Extrophy of Bladder | Congenital Anomaly occurring when the bladder everts itself, or turns inside out, through an absent part of the lower abdominal and anterior bladder walls with incomplete closure of the pubic bone
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| Fascia | Fibrous sheet or band of tissue that envelops organs, muscles, and grouping of muscles
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| Fibrosis | Formation of fibrous tissue as part of restorative process
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| Fistula | Abnormal tube-like passage between two body cavities or organs or from an organ
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| Fixate | Hold, secure, or fasten in position
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| Flap | Mass of flesh and skin partially excised from its location but retaining its blood supply, moved to another site to repair adjacent distant defects
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| Fluoroscopy | Radiology technique allowing visual examination of part of the bruction ody or a function of an organ using a device projecting an X-ray image on screen
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| Foley Catheter | Temporary indwelling urethral catheter held in place in the bladder by an inflated balloon containing fluid or air
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| Fereign Body | An object or substance found in an organ and tissue not belonging under normal circumstances
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| Free Graft | Unattached piece of skin and tissue moved to another part of the body and sutured into place to repair defect
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| Fulguration | Destruction of living tissue using sparks from high-frequency electric current
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| Hematoma | Tumor-like collection of fluid in some part of the body caused by a break in a blood vessel wall, usually as a result of trauma
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| Hematospermia | Blood in the seminal fluid, often caused by inflammation of the prostate or seminal vesicles, or prostate cancer. In primary hematospermia, the presence of blood in the seminal fluid is only the symptom.
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| Hematuria | Blood in the urine, which may present as gross visible blood or as the presence of red blood cells visible only under microscope
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| Homograft | Graft from one individual to another of the same species
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| Horseshoe Kidney | Congenital anomaly in which the kidneys are fused together at the lower end during fetal development, resulting in one large, horseshoe shaped kidney, often associated with cardiovascular, central nervous system, or genitourinary anomalies
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| Hydronephrosis | Distention of the kidney caused by an accumulation of urine, because it cannot flow out due to an obstruction caused by conditions such as kidney stones or vesicoureteral reflux
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| Hydroureter | Abnormal enlargement or distention of the ureter with water or urine caused by obstruction
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| Hyperplasia | Abnormal proliferation in the number of normal cells in regular tissue arrangement
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| Hypertonicity | Excessive muscle tone and augmented resistance to normal muscle stretching
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| Hypertrophic | Enlarged or overgrown from an increase in cell size of the affected tissue
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| Hypospadias | Fairly uncommon birth defect in males in which the meatus, or urinary opening, is abnormally positioned on the underside of the penile shaft or in the perineum requiring early surgical correction
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| Incontinence | Involuntary escape of urine
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| Impotence | Psychosexual or organic dysfunction in which there is partial or complete failure or complete failure to attain or maintain erection until completion of sexual act
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| Laceration | Tearing injury; a torn, ragged-edged wound
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| Laser Surgery | Use of contracted, sharply defined light beams to cut, cauterize, coagulate, seal or vaporize tissue
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| Lithotripsy | Destruction of calcified substances (eg, stones/calculi) in the gallbladder or urinary system by fragmenting the concentration into small particles to be washed out. This may be done by surgical or noninvasive methods, such as focused sound waves or ultra
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| Lumen | Space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
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| Lysis | Destruction, breakdown, dissolution, or decomposition of cells or substances by a specific catalyzing agent
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| Marsupialization | Creation of a pouch in surgical treatment of a cyst in which one wall is resected and the remaining cut edges are sutured to adjacent tissue creating an open pouch of the previously enclosed cyst
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| Meatus | Opening or passage into the body
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| Molluscum Contagiosum | Common, benign, viral skin infection, usually self-limiting, appears as a gray or flesh-colored umbilcated (dimpled or belly button shaped) lesion by itself or in groups, and later becomes white with an expulsable core containing core containing the repli
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| Nephrostomy | Placement of a stent, tube, or catheter forming a passage from the exterior of the body into the renal pelvis or calyx, often for drainage of urine or an abscess, for exploration, or calculus extraction
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| Neurogenic Bladder | Dysfunctional bladder due to central or peripheral nervous system lesion, may result in incontinence, residual urine retention, infection, stones, and renal failure
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| Nocturnal Enuresis | Bed-wetting
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| Oligospemia | Insufficient production of sperm in semen, a common fator in male infertility
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| Orchiectomy | Surgical removal of one or both testicles via a scrotal or groin incision, indicated in cases of cancer, traumatic injury, and sex reassignment surgery
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| Patency | State of a tube-like structure or conduit being open and unobstructed
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| Perforation | Hole in an object, organ, or tissue, or the act of punching or boring holes through apart
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| Perineal | Pertaining to the pelvic floor area between the thighs; the diamond-shaped are bordered by the pubic symphysis in front, the ischial tuberosities on the sides and the coccyx in the back
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| Peritoneum | Strong, continuous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavity. The parietal peritoneum, or outer layer, is attached to the abdominopelvic walls and the visceral peritoneum, or inner layer, surrounds the organs inside the abdominal cavi
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| Peyronie's Disease | Development of fibrotic hardened tissue or plaque in the cavernosal sheaths in the penis. This causes pain and severe chordee or curvature in the penis, typically during erection
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| Phimosis | Condition in which the foreskin is contracted and cannot be drawn back behind the glans penis
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| Priapism | Persistent, painful erection lasting more than four hours and unrelated to sexual stimulation, causing pain and tenderness
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| Prepuce | Fold of penile skin covering the glans
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| Prolapse | Falling, sliding, or sinking of an organ from its normal locationin the body
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| Prostate | Male gland surrounding the bladder neck and urethra that secretes a substance into the seminal fluid
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| Puncture Aspiration | Use of a knife or needle to pierce a fluid filled cavity and then withdraw the fluid using a syringe or suction device
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| Retroperitoneal | Located behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls and forms a covering for internal organs
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| Scrotum | Skin pouch holding the testes and supporting reproductive structures
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| Seminal Vesicles | Parietal glands located at the base of the bladder in males, releases the majority of fluid into semen through ducts joining with the vas deferens forming the ejaculatory duct
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| Skene's Gland | Paraurethral ducts draining a group of female urethral glands into the vestibule
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| Sound | Long, slender tool with a type of curved, flat probe at the end for dilating strictures or detecting foreign bodies
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| Spermatic Cord | Structure of the male reproductive organs consisting of ducts deferens, testicular artery, nerves, and veins draining the testes
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| Stent | Tube to provide support in a body cavity or lumen
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| Stoma | Opening created in the abdominal wall from an internal organ or structure for diversion of waste elimination, drainage, and abscess
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| Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) | Involuntary escape of urine at times of minor stress against the bladder, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing
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| Stricture | Narrowing of anatomical structure
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| Subcutaneous Tissue | Sheet or wide band of adipose (fat) and areolar connective tissue in tissue in two layers attached to the dermis
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| Testes | Male gonadal paired glands located in the scrotum secreting testosterone and containing the seminiferous tubules where sperm is produced
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| Thermotherapy | Therapeutic elevation of body temperature between 107.6 and 113.0 degrees Fahrenheit
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| Torsion of Testis | Twisting, turning or rotation of the testicle upon itself, so as to compromise or cut off the blood supply
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| Transprostatic Implant | A system that permanently retracts prostate tissue away from the urethra without cutting, heating or removing prostate tissue. Used for treatment of symptoms due to urinary outflow obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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| Trigone | Triangular, smooth area of mucous membrane at the base of the bladder, located between the ureteric openings posteriorly and the urethral opening anteriorly
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| Tumor | Pathologic swelling or enlargement; a neoplastic growth or uncontrolled, abnormal multiplication of cells
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| Tunica Vaginalis | Serous membrane partially covers the testes formed by an outpocketing of the peritoneum when the testes descend
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| Urachus | Embryonic tube connecting the urinary bladder to the umbilicus during development of the fetus, normally closes before birth, generally in the fourth or fifth month of gestation
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| Urethra | Small tube lined with mucous membrane leading from the bladder to the exterior of the body
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| Ureterocele | Saccular formation of the lower part of the ureter, protruding into the bladder
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| Urethral Caruncle | Small, polyp-like growth of a deep red color found in women on the mucous membrane of the urethral opening
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| Urge Incontinence | Involuntary escape of urine coming from sudden, uncontrollable impulses
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| Urostomy | Creation of an opening to the abdominal surface to divert urine flow
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| Vascularization | Surgically induced development or growth of vessels in a tissue; the process of blood vessel generation
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| Vas Deferens | Duct that arises in the tail of the epididymis, stores and carries sperm from epididymis toward the urethra
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| Vesical Fistula | Abnormal communication between the bladder and another structure
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| Viscoureteral Reflux | Urine passage from the bladder back into the ureter and kidneys, can lead to bacterial infection and an increase in hydrostatic pressure, causing kidney damage.
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