Nervous System Rev Defs
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| ganglion | A collection of nerve bodies
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| nerve | A large bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue
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| axon | A long, single projection that transmits impulses from the cell body
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| neuron | A nerve cell; the functional cell of the nervous system; responsible for impulse conduction
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| multiple sclerosis | A progressive, degenerative disease of the myelin sheath, striking young adults aged 20-40; S&S include tremors, muscle weakness and slowness of movement
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| epilepsy | A recurrent disorder of cerebral functions characterized by seizures
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| synapse | Functional connection between two neurons or between a neuron and its effector organ (muscle or gland) is a gap or space
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| cisternal puncture | A spinal puncture at the base of the brain to extract fluid or inject medication
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| lethargy | Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
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| dysrhythmia | Abnormal rhythm, such as electrical disturbances in the brain
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| coma | Abnormally deep unconsciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli
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| microcephaly | Abnormally small head
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| hydrocephalus | Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure, thinning of brain tissue and separation of cranial bones
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| local anesthetics | Act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect a local area only
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| general anesthetics | Act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
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| Reye Syndrome | Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver and, possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes
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| herpes zoster | Acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face; also called shingles
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| neurilemma | Additional sheath external to myelin that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system
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| analgesics | Agents that relieve pain by inhibiting the passage of pain impulses
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| efferent nerves | Also known as motor nerves; conduct impulses away from the central nervous system
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| afferent nerves | Also known as sensory nerves; conduct impulses toward the central nervous system
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| computed tomography angiography (CTA) | Angiography in combination with a CT scan to produce high-resolution, 3D vascular images of the blood vessels
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| myelopathy | Any disease of the spinal cord
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| convulsion | Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles
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| Guillain-Barre Syndrome | Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
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| dendrites | Branching cytoplasmic projections that receive impulses and transmit them to the cell body
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| syncope | Brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting
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| dementia | Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment
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| efferent | Carry or move away from a central structure
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| afferent | Carry or move inward or toward a central structure
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| neurotransmitters | The impulse within the transmitting axon causes a chemical substances to be released at the end of its axon, It diffuses across the synapses
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| limbic system | Complex neural system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drives and plays an important role in memory
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| positron emission tomography | Computed tomography that records the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
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| anacephaly | Congenitial deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing
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| spina bifida | Congenital deformity of the neural tube which fails to close during fetal development; also called neural tube defect
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| antiparkinson agents | Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson Disease by increasing dopamine in the brain
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| spinal cord | Conveys sensory impulses to the brain from different parts of the body and also transmits motor impulses away from the brain to all muscles and organs
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| discography | CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots
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| hypnotics | Depress CNS functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness
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| autism | Developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level
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| bulimia nervosa | Eating disorder characterized by binging and purging
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| hyperkinesia | Excessive movement
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| ganglionectomy | Excision of a ganglion
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| Bell palsy | Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve
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| meningocele | Form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
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| occulta | Form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
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| Tay-Sach Disease | Genetic enzyme deficiency characterized by progressive mental challenges, paralysis, blindness, inability to eat and ultimately to death by age of four years
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| congenital hydrocephalus | Hydrocephalus caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities
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| acquired hydrocephalus | hydrocephalus that develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease
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| agnosia | Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact
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| dyslexia | Inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability and exposure
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| aphasia | Inability to speak
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| craniotomy | Incision into the skull
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | Includes all nervous tissue of the body found outside the CNS
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| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain
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| poliomyelitis | Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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| Huntington chorea | Inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances and mental deterioration
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| concussion | Injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of injury or trauma to the head
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| closed head trauma | Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
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| pia mater | Innermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
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| tremor | Involuntary tremble or shake
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| tics | Involuntary, spasmodic muscular contractions, usually of the face and neck
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Laboratory test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord; used to diagnose disorders of the CNS, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
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| ataxia | Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement
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| cerebrum | Largest and uppermost portion of the brain whose major functions include sensory perception and interpretation, muscular movement and emotional aspects of behaviour and memory
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| paralysis | Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
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| psychosis | Major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting challenges of daily life
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| brainstem | Major section of the brain that serves as a pathway for impulse conduction between the brain and spinal cord
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| sedative | Medication that depresses CNS activity; has a calming effect
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| tranquilizers | Medications used to reduce tension and anxiety without decreasing the level of consciousness
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| bipolar disorder | Mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy and ability to function; also called manic-depressive illness
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| arachnoid membrane | Middle layer covering the brain, between the dura mater and the pia mater
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| depression | Mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement, and, commonly, feelings of low self-esteem, guilt and withdrawal
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| mania | Mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behaviour, and excessively elevated mood
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| myelomeningocele | Most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
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| lumbar puncture | Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap
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| mixed nerves | Nerves composed of both sensory and motor nerves
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| magnetic source imaging (MSI) | Noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; also called magntoencephalography
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| neurosis | Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feeling of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behaviour
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| idiopathic | Occurring without a known cause
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | One of the two parts of the peripheral nervous system which conveys impulses to glands, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles
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| somatic nervous system (SMS) | One of the two parts of the peripheral nervous system which conveys impulses for voluntary functions
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| ventricle | Organ chamber or cavity that receives or holds fluid
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| dura mater | Outermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
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| myelalgia | Pain in the spinal cord
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| quadriplegia | Paralysis of both arms and legs, commonly resulting in bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction
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| paraplegia | Paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord
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| hemiplegia | Paralysis of one side of the body, typically as a result of a stroke; also called unilateral paralysis
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| palsy | Paralysis, usually partial and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
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| parasympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system. Reverses the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
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| sympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system. When in use may cause symptoms such as an accelerated heart rate and increased blood pressure
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| thalamotomy | Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain, involuntary movements, including tremors in Parkinson Disease or emotional disturbances
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| dystrophy | Poor development
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| stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) | Precisely focused radiation beams are used to treat tumours and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column and other body sites, and delivers high doses of radiation to the tumour with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue
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| anticonvulsants | Prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures by altering electrical transmission along neurons or altering the chemical composition of neurotransmitters; also called antiepileptics
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| anesthetics | Produce partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness
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| Alzheimer Disease | Progressive neurological disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by memory loss, impaired judgment and impaired orientation
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| blood-brain barrier | Protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue
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| myelography | Radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of the spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumours following injection of a contrast medium
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| angiography | Radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after introduction of a contrast medium; also called arteriography
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| electroencephalography (EEG) | Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
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| electromyography | Recording of electrical signals that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage
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| psychostimulants | Reduce impulsive behaviour by increasing the level of neurotransmitters
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| ventriculoperitoneal shunting | Relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity
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| cerebellum | Second largest part of the brain; occupies the back of the brain; refines movement when the cerebrum initiates muscular movement; aids in maintaining equilibrium
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| paresthesia | Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling or heightened sensitivity
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| astrocytes | Star-shaped neuroglia, which forms the blood-brain barrier, allowing only small molecules to be transferred from the blood to the brain
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| opiates | Stupor or sleep-inducing drugs, containing opium
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| catatonic | Stuporous or unresponsiveness; inability to move or talk
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| panic attack | Sudden, intense, overwhelming feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger
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| neurolysis | Surgical freeing of a nerve from and adhesion
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| trephination | Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
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| cryosurgery | Technique that exposes abnormal tissues to extreme cold to destroy it
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| nerve conduction velocity (NCV) | Test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
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| meninges | Three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater
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| tractotomy | Transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
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| antidepressants | Treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmetters
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| antipsychotics | Treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system which controls emotions
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| cerebral palsy | Type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and, sometimes, speech and learning ability
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| echoencephalography | Ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and, especially, diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain
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| asthenia | Weakness, debility or loss of strength
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| myelin | Axon posses, a white lipoid covering acts as an electrical insulator that reduces the possibility of an impulse stimulating adjacent nerves in the peripheral nervous system and CNS
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| anaesthesia/ anesthesia | Without feeling; loss of sensation
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| nerve block | Type of regional anesthetic to block pain from the area supplied by that nerve
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