AP Bio Chapter 13
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| heredity | the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
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| variation | when offspring differ somewhat in in appearance from parents to siblings
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| Genetics | the scientific study of heredity and heredity variation
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| genes | coded information in the form of hereditary units passed on from parents to offspring
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| locus (pl. loci) | a gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome
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| asexual reproduction | a single individual is the sole parent and passes along copies of all its genes to its offspring, ex. single-celled eukaryotic organisms
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| clone | a group of genetically identical individual, reproduced asexually
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| sexual reproduction | greater in variations, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from two parents
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| life cycle aka the circle of life : ) | the generation to generation sequences of stages in the reproductive history of an organism, from conception to reproduction
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| somatic cell | any cell other than a sperm or ovam
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| karyotype | a method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number,size, and type
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| homologous chromosomes | two chromosomes that have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
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| sex chromosomes | X and Y chromosomes that determines a persons sex
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| autosomes | any chromosome other than X and Y
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| gametes | a reproductive cell, 22 autosomes
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| haploid cell | a cell with a single chromosome set
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| fertilization (syngamy) | the union of gametes
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| zygote | fertizlized egg, result of fertilization
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| diploid cells | includes the zygote and all other cells having 2 sets of chromosomes
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| meiosis | form of cell division in testes and ovaries, occurs in 2 concectutive cell divisions (I & II)
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| alternation of generations | type of life cycle, prominent in plants, both diploid and haploid multicellular stages
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| sporophyte | multicellular diploid stage of alternation of generations
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| spores | haploid cells produced by meiosis in the sporophyte
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| gametophyte | the multicellular haploid stage when a spore divides mitotically
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| synapsis | when duplicated chromosomes pair up with their homologues
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| tetrad | four closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair
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| chiasmata (chiasma) | x shaped regions representing a crossing of nonsister chromatid
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| crossing over | produces individual chromosomes that combine genes inherited from two parents
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