Final Exam
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| Constellations | groups if stars named by ancient cultures to honor gods, animals, legends, etc. | ||||
| How many constellations are in whole sky? | 88 | ||||
| The stars appear to rotate around _____. | Polaris | ||||
| What causes the stars in the night sky to rotate? | The rotation of the Earth. | ||||
| What do you call stars and constellations that never set? | circumpolar (the rotate around the pole. Circumpolar stars rotate around Polaris in the Northern Hemisphere. | ||||
| How do the stars move at the North and South pole? | horizontally | ||||
| How do that stars move at the equator? | Vertically. | ||||
| How do stars move at mid-latitudes? | Diagonally,on an arc across the sky. | ||||
| Will the sun appear to move with respect to the constellations? | Not in a day, but it will appear to have moved over the course of months or a year. | ||||
| What are the 12 constellations the sun moves through in a year called? What is this path called? | The zodiac. Ecliptic. | ||||
| Precession | Why your sign is wrong. Rotation of the Earth's axis itself; makes one complete circle in about 26,000 years. | ||||
| Sidereal year | Time for Earth to orbit once around the Sun, relative to fixed stars. It follows constellations. | ||||
| Tropical year | Time it takes for the Earth to be in the same configuration with respect to the Sun again (as opposed to distant stars). It follows seasons. | ||||
| What will happen to the "summer triangle" in 13,000 years? | It will be a winter constellation | ||||
| Asterism | Pattern of stars seen in Earth's sky which is not an official constellation. | ||||
| Alpha Orionis | Second brightest star in Orion | ||||
| Messier Catalog | An early listing of nebulae, star clusters, and deep sky objects that might have been confused with comets by users of small telescopes | ||||
| Why don't many professional astronomers know the constellations? | Because big telescopes can only look at small portions of the sky. | ||||
| The pattern of rotation that stars make in the sky depends on your _____. | Position. | ||||
| What causes night and day? | The earth's rotation on its axis. | ||||
| Solar day | Average time between consecutive "noontimes" | ||||
| What defines a year? | The revolution of the Earth around the Sun. | ||||
| Ecliptic | Path the Earth's motion around the Sun traces on the Celestial Sphere | ||||
| T/F The sun is lower in the sky in the winter. | True | ||||
| Equinoxes | Sun crosses the celestial equator (twice-- Spring & Fall) | ||||
| Solstices | Sun's farthest northernly or southernly position. (summer or winter) | ||||
| Ecliptic | Path that the sun follows in the sky. 23.5 degrees to the celestial equator | ||||
| Northernmost point above the celestial equator | Summer solace | ||||
| Southernmost point below the celestial equator | Winter solace | ||||
| Points where paths cross celestial equator | Vernal & autumnal equinoxes | ||||
| Time from one vernal equinox to the next | Tropical year | ||||
| Season | combination of day length and sunlight angle | ||||
| Moon's revolution around the earth causes: | Lunar phases, eclipses, tides | ||||
| Synodic month | moon takes about 29.5 days to go through whole cycle of phases | ||||
| Phases are due to | different amounts of sunlit portion being wisible from Earth | ||||
| Lunar Eclipse | moon disapears | ||||
| Solar Eclipse | sun disappears | ||||
| Lunar eclipses occur when | the moon enters the shadow of the earth | ||||
| Umbra | all sunlight blocked | ||||
| penumbra | only some sunlight blocked | ||||
| total eclipse | all of moon in umbra | ||||
| partial eclipse | only part of moon in umbra | ||||
| penumbral eclipse | moon only in penumbra | ||||
| Solar eclipses occur when | the Earth enters the shadow of the moon (moon blocks the sun" | ||||
| Annular eclipse | moon doesnt cover the whole sun | ||||
| Why arent eclipses more frequent? | The moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted so the Earth's orbits and the Moon's orbits are not in the same plane. | ||||
| # solar eclipses per year | at least 2, no more than 5 | ||||
| #Lunar eclipses per year | maximum is 3 | ||||
| # combined eclipses per year | maximum is 7 | ||||
| maximum duration of Solar eclipse | 7 1/2 minutes | ||||
| maximum duration of lunar eclipse | 1 hour 47 minutes | ||||
| Spring tide | when tides from the sun and moon combine | ||||
| Neap tide | when the tides from the Sun and Moon counteract eachother | ||||
| How many high tides are there per day? | 2 | ||||
| Lunar phases during which tides are particularly strong | New Moon & Full Moon | ||||
| Region between Mars and Jupiter | Asteroid belt | ||||
| Asteroids | large chunks of rock and metal left over from the formation of the solar system | ||||
| Meteroids | small asteroids. most are less than 1mm in diameter | ||||
| Meteors | flash you see when a meteoroid hits the Earth's atmosphere and gets burned up. | ||||
| Meteorites | pieces of meteoroids that make it thought the Earth's atmosphere without burning up | ||||
| Comets | Dirty snowballs. Ice and rock mixed together | ||||
| 2 comet tails | Ion tail & dust tail. Point away from the sun. | ||||
| 2 primary reservoirs of comets | Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud | ||||
| Kuiper Belt | Flattened disk of solar system remnants out past Pluto. | ||||
| Oort Cloud | Spherical distribution of material even darther | ||||
| The “Terrestrial Planets” include | Earth, Mercury, Mars, Venus | ||||
| Astronomers like to describe distances between planets in terms of | AU | ||||
| Planet that spins backwards | Venus | ||||
| Mercury and Venus exhibit ________________, much like our Moon. | Craters | ||||
| Mercury has extreme temperature differences from night to day, but is still _________than Venus, despite being closer to the Sun. | Cooler | ||||
| A day on Mercury takes ______ years, while undergoing _________ rotations. | 2 years 3 rotations | ||||
| Venus is so hot because of its very strong _______________ effect. | Greenhouse | ||||
| Oddly, the Earth’s _______________ north is not quite at the same place as the North Pole. | Magnetic North | ||||
| The Earth’s ___________________ protects us from the Solar Wind. | Magnetosphere | ||||
| Some particles get trapped in the _________________ Belts. | Van Allen | ||||
| When these overflow, we see _______________. | an Aurora | ||||
| Craters on the Moon are made by the same sort of ________________ impacts that we find on Earth. | Meteor | ||||
| Largest volcano in the Solar System. | Olympus Mons | ||||
| While the Sun has no surface, the outer layer that we see is called the | Photosphere | ||||
| Chromosphere | layer just above the photosphere. Sort of the “lower atmosphere” | ||||
| Corona | above the chromosphere. Sort of a hot upper atmosphere | ||||
| Sunspots | Dark blotches ont he surface of the sun | ||||
| Sunspots are linked by | Pairs of magnetic field lines | ||||
| What causes kinks? | the rotation of the sun drags magnetic field lines around with it | ||||
| Number of sunspots | varies with time. 11 year cycle | ||||
| What happens when the sun's magnetic field prevents hot, ionized material from rising? | Dark sunspots result | ||||
| When does the Sun's northern magnetic pole become the southern magnetic pole? | after 11 years | ||||
| Solar Flares | eruptions in the Sun's atmosphere that cause energetic particles to escape from the sun | ||||
| Coronal mass ejection | emits charged particles that can affect the Earth | ||||
| How do stars shine? | nuclear fusion | ||||
| Nuclear fusion | the extra mass is converted to energy according the Einsteins famous formula, E=mc2 | ||||
| Hydrostatic Equilibrium | Fusion keeps stars from collapsing under their own weight. Pressure from the outflowing hot gas balances the pressure of gravity | ||||
| Stellar evolution | big bang | ||||
| A stars brightness is effected by | its distance from the Earth | ||||
| Inverse square Law | Move 2x as far from a light and it gets 4x dimmer | ||||
| Temperature of stars | Color of a star is indicative of its temperature. Red- cool Blue- Hot | ||||
| Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram | any plot of brightness vs. color or temperature is and HR diagram | ||||
| Percent of stars on "main sequence" | 90% | ||||
| Percent of stars are red giants | 9% | ||||
| Percent of stars are white dwarfs | 1% | ||||
| Main sequence stars are also called | dwarfs | ||||
| Red Giants | much bigger than the sun, coolest | ||||
| Supergiants | bigger and brighter then the average giants | ||||
| White Dwarfs | Much smaller than the sun, very hot but not very bright, remnants of dead or dying stars | ||||
| supernova | star blown into smithereens | ||||
| nebula | supernova remnant | ||||
| Pulsars | type of neutron star emitting regular pulses of light | ||||
| What happens when compressed gas from stars collides? | New stars form | ||||
| Galactic Cannicalism | when two unequal size galaxies collide and merge | ||||
| Quasars | Active galaxies | ||||
| Most big galaxies have supermassive _______ in their centers | black holes | ||||
| During a merger, what happens when fuel is fed into a black hole? | A hot disk of material that spirals into the black hole. the disk shines brighter than the galaxy itself | ||||
| Energy source of a Quasar | black hole surrounded by an accretion disk | ||||
| When did the universe begin? | about 13.7 billion years ago | ||||
| Cosmology | study of the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe | ||||
| Universe | all matter, energy, and spacetime | ||||
| Homogeneity | Matter is uniformly spread throughout space | ||||
| Isotrophy | Universe looks the same in every direction | ||||
| cosmological principle | any observer in any part of the universe sees the same general features | ||||
| Olber's Paradox | If the universe is homogeneous, isotropic, infinite, and unchanging, the entire sky should be as bright as the surface of the Sun | ||||
| Why is it dark at night? | The universe is homogeneous and isotropic, it must not be infinite or unchanging | ||||
| Hubble Flow | The universe is not unchanging, it is expanding | ||||
| Doppler effect | motion through space-time |
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Created by:
Jaz33
on 2008-12-11