SALT - 9th Science - Chp 1-9
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| scientific method | observing, hypothesizing, experimenting
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| scientific law | a verified theory that has stood the test of time
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| SI or metric system | the system of measurement used by scientists around the world
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| kilo | 1,000
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| centi | 1/100
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| milli | 1/1,000
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| accuracy | the exactness of a measurement
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| precision | the repeatability or consistency of a series of measurements
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| scientific notation | 2.8 x 105 is equivalent to 280,000
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| meteorology | study of earth’s atmosphere and weather
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| weather | the state of the earth’s atmosphere at a given time and place
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| climate | the year-round atmospheric conditions typical of a certain place
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| nitrogen | the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
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| atmospheric pressure | 14.7 psi at sea level
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| troposphere | the “weather layer” of the atmosphere
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| stratosphere | the layer of the earth’s atmosphere having strong steady winds but few changes of weather
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| mesosphere | third layer of the earth’s atmosphere
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| thermosphere | a layer of the earth’s atmosphere characterized by high temperatures but is practically a vacuum
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| exosphere | the outermost layer of the earth’s atmosphere
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| ozone | harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun is blocked by O2 and O3 in the oxide layer of the upper stratosphere
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| convection | heat transferred by warm currents within a fluid
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| conduction | the transfer of heat by direct contact
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| radiation | heat transferred by electromagnetic waves
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| greenhouse effect | the trapping of heat in the earth’s atmosphere by gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide
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| stratus clouds | heavy clouds that form a flat, gray layer not far above the ground
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| cirrus clouds | a high, thin, delicate cloud, consisting of ice crystals
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| cumulus clouds | a white, billowy cloud that resembles a pile of cotton puffs in the sky
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| lenticular clouds | shaped like a lens
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| nimbo | means rain
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| front | a boundary between two air masses
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| tornado | a narrow funnel of powerful, rapidly whirling winds, usually created by a severe thunderstorm
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| hurricane | a storm with winds that exceed 74 mph
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| oceanography | study of the seas
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| thermocline | the boundary in the ocean where cold, deep ocean water meets the sun-warmed water nearer the surface
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| Challenger Deep | the deepest known point in the sea, located in the Marianas Trench near Guam
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| Gulf Stream | a well-know ocean current that flows up the coast of North America and then sweeps across the Atlantic toward Europe
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| tsunamis | gigantic sea waves formed by earthquakes, volcanic explosions, or undersea landslides
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| sodium chloride (table salt) | the most common substance dissolved in the sea
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| sediment | deposits of sand and mineral fragments, usually laid down by water
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| proton | a positively charged subatomic particle found within the nucleus of an atom
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| neutron | a subatomic particle with no electrical charge found within the nucleus of an atom
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| electron | a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom; most atoms seek to have 8 electrons in their outer shell
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| nucleus of an atom | contains protons and neutrons
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| atomic mass | the average mass (protons and neutrons) of the various isotopes of an element compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom
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| mass number | the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
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| element | substance composed of only one type of atom
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| compound | substance composed of different types of atoms linked together
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| mixture | substances composed of elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically united
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| covalent bond | type of chemical bond within a molecule that involves the sharing of electrons from one atom to another
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| ionic bond | type of chemical bond within a molecule that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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| dipolar force | intermolecular force that affects all polar molecules
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| hydrogen bond | the strongest of all intermolecular forces (forces between molecules)
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| London force | a weak intermolecular force that exists between all molecules; caused by temporary imbalance in electron distribution
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| nuclear fusion | the process in which two small atomic nuclei are joined to form a larger nucleus, releasing energy
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| nuclear fission | the splitting of an atomic nucleus
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| quantum theory | states that tiny particles such as electrons do not absorb or release energy smoothly
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| quark theory | tiny particles are thought to compose protons, neutrons, and certain other subatomic particles
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| entropy | the amount of decay or disorder in a system
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| vapor pressure | the tendency of the molecules of a liquid at a given temperature to evaporate as a result of random molecular motion
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| pH of an acid | less than 7
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| pH of an base | more than 7
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| pH of a neutral substance | 7
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| organic chemistry | the study of compounds containing the element carbon
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| endothermic reaction | a chemical reaction in which the products grow colder than the reactants
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| exothermic reaction | a chemical reaction in which heat energy is released
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| electrolysis | the process of passing an electric current through a solution in order to cause a chemical reaction
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| amino acids | the building blocks of proteins
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| enzyme | a special globular protein used to initiate or regulate a chemical reaction in a cell
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| gene | a segment of DNA containing the code for a specific substance, task, or characteristic
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| second law of thermodynamics | states that heat and other natural processes in a system always tend toward less usable energy and greater disorder
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| geology | study of the earth
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| crust | the earth’s outer layer of rock
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| oxygen | the most abundant element in the earth’s crust
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| San Andreas fault | a large, well-known stride-slip fault in western California
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| elastic rebound theory | states that rocks spring back to a position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake, causing vibrations in the earth’s crust
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| plate tectonics theory | states that the earth’s crust and upper mantle consist of huge plates that slowly drift as a result of convection currents in the mantle
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| seismology | study of earthquakes
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| seismograph | an instrument used to record the vibrations caused by earthquakes
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| mineralogy | study of inorganic, crystalline substances found naturally in the earth
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| beryl | two forms of this mineral are emerald and aquamarine
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| corundum | two forms of this mineral are ruby and sapphire
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| carbon | two forms of this element are graphite and diamond
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| native element | an element that occurs naturally in its pure form, uncombined with other elements
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| precious stone | the rarest, most durable, and most beautiful minerals of all prized for their hardness, color, and “fire”
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| cleavage | the tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces, producing fragments with the same shape as a parent mineral
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| hardness | the resistance of the smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched
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| luster | the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral crystal
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| specific gravity | the ratio of an object’s density to the density of water
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| carbonate | any mineral containing the CO32- ion
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| ore | any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element
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| igneous rock | type of rock formed when magma, or molten rock, solidifies
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| granite | the most common of all igneous rocks
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| obsidian | igneous rock with a smooth, glasslike texture
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| metamorphic rock | type of rock formed when preexisting rocks are altered by heat or pressure
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| marble | example of metamorphic rock
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| pumice | metamorphic porous, lightweight rock
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| sedimentary rock | type of rock formed when deposits of sand and mineral fragments are cemented together
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| shale | the most common sedimentary rock
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| sandstone | a sedimentary rock that consists of grains of sand (quartz) cemented tighter into rock
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| stratum | a single layer of sedimentary rock
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| conglomerate rock | a sedimentary rock that consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay
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