MIdterm of Events and People in Church History from 54-1492
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| Edict of Toleration | 311 | End of persecution of Christians
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| Edict of Milan | 313 | End of persecution of Christians
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| Council of Nicea | 325 | First Ecumenical Council; condemned Arius and affirmed the doctrine of homoousia
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| Council of Constantinople | 381 | Second Ecumenical Council; affirmed divinity of the Holy Spirit
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| Rome invaded by Visigoths | 410 | End of Western Roman Empire
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| Odoacer splits with Constantinople | 476 | End of Western Roman Empire
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| Council of Ephesus | 431 | Third Ecumenical Council; condemned Nestorius and affirmed Mary as theotokos
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| Council of Chalcedon | 451 | Fourth Ecumenical Council; affirmed the two natures of Christ
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| Mohammed flees to Medina | 622 | Beginning of the Islamic calendar
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| Mohammed takes Mecca | 630 | Beginning of the Islamic advance
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| Battle of Tours | 732 | Muslims finally halted in Europe
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| Founding of Cluny | 909 | Began a significant period of monastic reform.
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| Conversion of Olga | 950 | Beginnings of Christianity in Russia
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| Great Schism | 1054 | Split between East and West in the Church
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| Jerusalem conquered | 1099 | Beginning of Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
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| Fall of Jerusalem | 1187 | End of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
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| Last Crusader defeat | 1291 | End of the Crusades
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| Avignon Papacy | 1309-1377 | Called “Babylonian Captivity of the Church”; weakened papacy
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| “The Black Death” | 1347-1351 | Virulent plague that wiped out 30%-60% of Europe’s population
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| Great Western Schism | 1378-1423 | Period of multiple Popes, weakened papacy
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| Fall of Constantinople | 1453 | End of Byzantine Empire
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| Columbus in America | 1492 | Beginning of colonization of America
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| Nero | ↔54-68 | First Emperor to persecute Christians; committed suicide after being deposed
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| Domitian | ↔81-96 | Persecuted Christians in order to restore Roman traditions; was murdered in his own palace
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| Clement of Rome | c.100 | Second or third bishop of Rome; wrote Epistle to the Corinthians
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| Ignatius | 30/35-107 | Martyred bishop of Antioch; wrote seven letters on the way to martyrdom
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| Trajan | ↔98-117 | Emperor whose establishes the policy for Christian persecution in the Roman Empire
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| Marcion | fl. 144-150 | Early Christian heretic; denied authority of Old Testament and compiled the first list of books for a “New Testament”
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| Polycarp | †156 | Disciple of John; most famous early Christian martyr
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| Justin (Martyr) | †165 | Christian apologist and martyr; wrote two Apologies and Dialogue with Trypho
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| Irenaeus | c.130-late 100s | Disciple of Polycarp; early theologian who wrote Against Heresies and Demonstration of Apostolic Faith
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| Perpetua and Felicitas | †203 | A well-to-do woman and her slave who were executed for being Christian, most famous early women martyrs
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| Clement of Alexandria | †215 | Alexandrine theologian highly influenced by Neo-Platonism; wrote Exhortation to the Pagans
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| Tertullian | fl. 195-220 | Early and influential North African theologian, wrote Prescription Against the Heretics
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| Origen | c.180-251 | Disciple of Clement; wrote De Principiis, the first Christian systematic theology
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| Septimius Severus | ↔193-211 | Emperor who persecuted Christians since they would not worship Sol Invictus
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| Decius | ↔249-251 | Emperor who persecuted Christians to restore the favor of the old Roman gods.
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| Cyprian | c.205-258 | Influential Bishop of Carthage; wrote Concerning the Lapsed and The Unity of the Church
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| Diocletian | ↔284-305 | Emperor who initiated the last great persecution of Christians in the Early Church.
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| Helena | c.250-330 | Mother of Constantine, established many models of early Christian “piety”.
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| Constantine | ↔306-337 | Emperor who reunited empire and made Christianity legal; moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople
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| Eusebius of Caesarea | 262-340 | Wrote Ecclesiastical History; sought to moderate in the Arian controversy
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| Athanasius | c.295-373 | Defender of Nicean orthodoxy; wrote Discourses Against the Arians and Life of St. Anthony
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| Basil the Great | 330-379 | Cappadocian theologian who defended Nicene Orthodoxy; father of Eastern monasticism
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| Macrina | †380 | Sister to Basil the Great, who started her brother on his monastic pursuits
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| Gregory of Nazianzus | 330-389 | Cappadocian theologian and Patriarch of Constantinople; wrote De Vita Sua and Five Theological Orations
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| Gregory of Nyssa | 335-394? | Cappadocian theologian; father of Christian Mysticism; wrote Ascent of Moses
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| Martin of Tours | 335-397 | influential early monastic bishop
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| Ambrose | †397 | Bishop of Milan who influenced Augustine; wrote On Faith and On the Holy Spirit
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| John Chrysostom | c.350-407 | Famous Preacher, whose name means “Golden Mouth”; became Patriarch of Constantinople in 398
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| Jerome | 347-420 | Translated the Bible into Latin (Vulgate)
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| Augustine | 354-430 | Most influential theologian of the Early Church; wrote Confessions and City of God
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| Leo I, the Great | ↔440-461 | First true “Pope”; wrote Tome to address the Council of Chalcedon
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| Nestorius | 381-440 | Promoted the idea that Christ’s two natures were not united; wrote Bazaar of Heraclides
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| Benedict of Nursia | c.480-c.547 | Wrote a Rule which became the standard for Western Monasticism
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| Gregory I, The Great | 540-604 | Able Pope who establishes the direction of the Western church for the Middle Ages
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| Patrick | 373-463(?) | Missionary to Ireland, helped to establish a strong “non-Roman” version of Christianity.
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| Isidore of Seville | †636 | Wrote Etymologies, an early encyclopedia
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| Charlemagne | ↔800-814 | First Holy Roman Emperor; initiated much Church reform
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| Anselm of Canterbury | fl. 1060-1100 | Forerunner of Scholasticism; crafted the Ontological Proof for the Existence of God; wrote Cur Deus Homo
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| Peter Abelard | 1079-1142 | Forerunner of Scholasticism; clashed with Bernard of Clairvaux; wrote Sic et Non (Yes and No)
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| Bernard of Clairvaux | 1090-1153 | Cistercian abbot, influential mystical thinker, and founder of the monastery at Clairvaux
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| Peter Lombard | †1160 | Wrote Quatuor Libri Sentiarum (Four Books of Sentences), the standard medieval theology text
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| Hildegard von Bingen | 1098-1179 | Influential female abbess, mystic and composer.
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| Innocent III | ↔1198-1216 | Most powerful pope in history; called the Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
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| Dominic | †1221 | Founder of the Order of Preachers
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| Francis of Assisi | †1226 | Founder of the Order of Friars Minor
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| Thomas Aquinas | 1224-1274 | Most influential theologian in the Roman Catholic Church; wrote Summa Theologica
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| Meister Eckhart | c.1260-c.1327 | Rhineland mystic; talked about the “spark of the divine” in the soul
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| John Duns Scotus | 1265/6-1308 | Advocated the divorce of faith and reason; called the “Subtle Doctor”
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| William of Occam | c. 1280-1349 | Advocated the divorce of faith and reason; developed “Ockham’s Razor”; influenced Martin Luther
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| Jan van Ruusbroec | 1293-1381 | Flemish mystic; wrote The Spiritual Espousals
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| John Wycliffe | †1384 | Early reformer who denied transubstantiation and advocated for Scriptures for the masses
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| John Hus | †1415 | Early reformer who denied power of the Pope and was executed by the Council of Constance
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| Savonarola | 1457-1498 | Early reformer who preached against abuses in the church and was executed for “heresy”
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| Destruction of the Temple | 70 | End of “Sadducean” Judaism, beginning of “Rabbinic” Judaism
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